The first Beylerbey of Algiers. In 1516 he and his brothers succeeded in liberating Jijel and Algiers from the Spaniards. Aruj Barbarossa made conquests in the eastern lands of Morocco, in 1518 he conquered and garrisoned Oujda and Tibda.
Following Oruç's death in 1518, Khizr inherited his brother's nickname, "Barbarossa". In 1533, Barbarossa was appointed Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral) of the Ottoman Navy. He conquered Tunis in 1534, achieved a decisive victory over the Holy League at Preveza in 1538, and conducted joint campaigns with the French in the 1540s.
In 1567, he was named, Kapudan pasha or Commander-in-Chief, of the Ottoman Navy, like his father before him. Hasan Pasha was at the Great Siege of Malta in 1565, and Battle of Lepanto in 1571. He died in Constantinople in 1572.
He became beylerbey of the Regency of Algiers, and finally Grand Admiral (Kapudan Pasha) of the Ottoman fleet in the 16th century. In 1576 he raided Calabria and in 1578 put down another mutiny of the janissaries in Algiers who had assassinated Arab Ahmed. In 1585 he put down revolts in Syria and Lebanon.
A Venetian slave, he served Uludj Ali, when he was governor of Algiers and Capitan Pasha in Constantinople. He later was appointed by him to head of the Regency of Algiers.
He kept the independence of Algiers under his rule. He declared war on the Kingdom of France, provoking the Djidjelli expedition, and the first and second bombardments of Algiers. He was forced to accept a peace treaty imposed by the Ottomans, which also replaced him with Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha.
After ousting Baba Hassan he declared war on France again. He was the one to fight off the aforementioned bombardments and expeditions. Unlike Trik or Hassan, he was only quasi-independent. In 1687 the Ottomans attempted to restore total control over Algeria by sending Ismael Pasha to disembark in Algiers, But Mezzomorto refused to let him. He was ousted in 1688 by a native revolt. He was appointed admiral of the Ottoman Empire after fleeing to Tunis.
He went to Versailles to improve relations with France. He successfully made Tunis an Algerian tributary, but he was strangled to death by the Janissary militia. He was instated by an anti-ottoman native revolt, so he may have been a native himself, but this is not specified.
Despite the fact that he wasn't elected by the Janissaries he catered to them heavily as to keep his power. He got murdered after a disagreement with the Janissaries.[10]
He achieved a decisive victory over Tunisian forces near Skikda, and he stopped an offensive by Ismail Ibn Sharif near the Muluya river. He failed to capture Tunis in 1705, and retreated but was caught and killed by his janissaries near Collo.
He eliminated more than a thousand Janissaries. He refused to accept the Pasha sent from the Sublime Porte, marking his independence. He also reformed the diwan, which from then on elected the Deys of Algiers.
He encountered internal difficulties especially with the tribes and the corsairs. He continued his predecessor's policy on independence, refusing to accept Ottoman orders on external policy. He was killed by the corsairs, during a revolt of the latter, who accused him of favoring the janissaries.[12]
He was a great defender of the interests of the corsairs and their activity. He maintained the firmness of his predecessors regarding the Ottoman Empire, refusing to let in the Pasha appointed by the Sublime Porte.[12]
He had a relatively long reign. He was competent, pious and austere, which manifested throughout his reign. He hunted the ships of nations which refused to pay tribute, He defeated Denmark in 1772, and Spain in 1785. He also faced several rebellion in the Constantine region, where he appointed an energetic governor called Salah Bey.[12]
He was the uncle of the last dey of Algiers Hussain Pasha, and held several ministerial positions before being elected Dey. He retook Oran from Spain in 1792. Ruler during the American-Algerian War.
He was the grandson of dey Muhammad ben Othman and was known for being close to Jewish merchants. Due to failed harvests, famine and political turmoil ensued. The Darqawa revolt sparked during his reign. He was killed by the Janissaries in 1805.
His rule was marked by authoritarianism and cruelty. The Bey of Oran revolted against him and marched until Miliana, but the Cheikhs in his army betrayed him, and as such he failed to overthrow Hadj Ali. The Bey of Titteri got decisively defeated by the tribes of the Sahara under his rule, and the Deylik failed to impose any control over the Sahara for the next few years. His rule was also marked by several revolts in Kabylia, the Tlemcen region, and the Aurès Mountains. He was assassinated while bathing.
Once the Bey of Titteri (governor of the southern provinces), following the fall of Algiers he declared himself the new Dey of Algiers and began a campaign of resistance against the French army, until his capital was captured and he was forced to capitulate during the Médéa expedition.[16]
^Holm, Bent; Rasmussen, Mikael Bøgh (2021). Imagined, Embodied and Actual Turks in Early Modern Europe. Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 16. ISBN978-3-99012-125-2. Hisir was the later Ottoman Chief Admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa. His profile almost exactly matches that of the numerous anonymous Christian and convert sailors just mentioned. His mother was Greek, and his father was a convert from the Albanian lands who had fought in the Sultan's armies.
^Holm, Bent; Rasmussen, Mikael Bøgh (2021). Imagined, Embodied and Actual Turks in Early Modern Europe. Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 16. ISBN978-3-99012-125-2. Hisir was the later Ottoman Chief Admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa. His profile almost exactly matches that of the numerous anonymous Christian and convert sailors just mentioned. His mother was Greek, and his father was a convert from the Albanian lands who had fought in the Sultan's armies.
^ Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria. P.199.
Hugh Roberts
Bloomsbury Publishing,
^Imber, Colin (2010-05-01). "Daniel Panzac, La marine ottomane: de l'apogée à la chute de l'empire". Turkish Historical Review. 1 (1): 123–124. doi:10.1163/187754610x495021. ISSN1877-5454.
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