Chicago Outfit

"Chicago syndicate" redirects here. For other uses, see Chicago Syndicate.

Chicago Outfit

Former Chicago Outfit leader Al Capone
Founded	c. 1910 (1910)
Founder	Big Jim Colosimo
Founding location	Chicago, Illinois, United States
Years active	c. 1910–present
Territory	Primarily the Chicago metropolitan area and the surrounding Midwest, with additional territory in Las Vegas, Phoenix, South Florida and Southern California
Ethnicity	Italians as "made men" and other ethnicities as associates
Membership (est.)	28 made members and 100+ associates (2007)
Activities	Racketeering, bribery, conspiracy, burglary, coercion, labor racketeering, police corruption, hijacking, loansharking, drug trafficking, fencing, bootlegging, fraud, money laundering, murder, torture, illegal gambling, auto theft, prostitution, pornography and extortion
Allies	Buffalo crime family Cleveland crime family Denver crime family Detroit Partnership Five Families Genna crime family Kansas City crime family Los Angeles crime family Milwaukee crime family New Orleans crime family Patriarca crime family San Francisco crime family St. Louis crime family Aryan Brotherhood 12th Street Players C-Notes Dixie Mafia Forty-Two Gang Outlaws MC
Rivals	North Side Gang and various other gangs in the Chicago area

The Chicago Outfit (also known as the Outfit, the Chicago Mafia, the Chicago Mob, the Chicago crime family, the South Side Gang or the Organization) is an Italian-American Mafia crime family based in Chicago, Illinois, which originated in the city's South Side in 1910. The organization is part of the larger Italian-American Mafia.

The Outfit rose to power in the 1920s under the control of Johnny Torrio and Al Capone, and the period was marked by bloody gang wars for control of the distribution of illegal alcohol during Prohibition. Since then, the Outfit has been involved in a wide range of criminal activities, including loansharking, illegal gambling, prostitution, extortion, political corruption and murder. Capone was convicted of income tax evasion in 1931 and the Outfit was next run by Paul Ricca. He shared power with Tony Accardo from 1943 until his death in 1972; Accardo became the sole power in the Outfit upon Ricca's death and was one of the longest-sitting bosses of all time upon his death in 1992.

Though it has never had a monopoly on organized crime in Chicago, the Outfit has long been the largest, most powerful and most violent criminal organization in Chicago and the Midwest in general. Unlike other Mafia factions such as the Five Families of New York City, the Outfit has been a unified faction since its conception. Its influence at its peak stretched as far as California, Florida and Nevada and it continues to operate throughout the Midwestern United States and Southern Florida, as well as Las Vegas and other parts of the Southwestern United States. Heightened law enforcement attention and general attrition have led to its gradual decline since the late 20th century, though it continues to be one of the major and most active organized crime groups in the Chicago metropolitan area and the Midwestern region.

History

Origins

The early years of organized crime in Chicago, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, were marked by the division of various street gangs controlling the South Side and North Side, as well as the Black Hand organizations of Little Italy. In later years, the Outfit consisted of various street crews controlling different territories around Chicago including Elmwood Park, Melrose Park, Chicago Heights, Rush Street, Grand Avenue and Chinatown.

Big Jim Colosimo centralized control in the early 20th century. Colosimo was born in Calabria, Italy, in 1878, and immigrated to Chicago in 1895, where he established himself as a criminal. By 1909, with the help of bringing Johnny Torrio from New York to Chicago, he was successful enough that he was encroaching on the criminal activity of the Black Hand organization. Colosimo, also "cultivated deep political connections" after "serving as a precinct captain in the organization of First Ward Alderman Couglin and Kenna, and later [became] the bagman (collector of illegal profits and dispenser of bribes) in the vice-laden Levee District, which afforded him with blanket political protection".

Prohibition and Johnny Torrio

When Prohibition went into effect in 1920, Torrio pushed for the gang to enter into bootlegging, but Colosimo stubbornly refused. In March 1920, Colosimo secured an uncontested divorce from his wife, Victoria Moresco. A month later, he and singer Dale Winter eloped to West Baden Springs, Indiana. Upon their return, he bought a home on the South Side. On May 11, 1920, Colosimo was killed by a gunman waiting in the coat room of his restaurant, Colosimo's cafe. The killer was most likely Frankie Yale, fulfilling a contract commissioned by Johnny Torrio.

Torrio's organization was made up predominately of ethnic Italians but had a large contingent of members from other immigrant backgrounds. Torrio's gang also differed from the other Chicago gangs by recruiting from New York's underworld, regularly welcoming that city's ambitious criminals into his organization's ranks. Alphonse Capone had left New York for Chicago in 1919, likely under orders from mob boss Frankie Yale to leave town to avoid retaliation for previous violence they had committed in New York. Capone began in Chicago as a doorman at the Four Deuces club. By 1924, Capone's business acumen and shrewd intelligence had gained him a place as Torrio's right-hand man. Many rivals saw Capone as responsible for the proliferation of brothels in the city.

In 1923, William Dever was elected mayor of Chicago, and he began to crack down on Torrio's underworld activities within the city. Losing their political cover, the gang looked to the suburbs for a new base of operations. Torrio ordered Capone to lead a takeover of the town of Cicero, where he was able to corrupt city manager Joseph Z. Klenha. The gang set up dozens of brothels, speakeasies, gambling dens, and other businesses within the town. On April 1st, 1924, Cicero municipal elections were threatening Kenha's leadership. Kenha appealed to Torrio and Capone for their support, which they responded to by terrorizing the opposition and voting public on election day. The gang guarded polling places, ensuring people knew the right way to vote and violently preventing entry to those who did not. They ransacked the local Democratic party campaign headquarters, forcibly detaining the election workers for hours. By that afternoon, the Chicago Police Department was ordered to step in to halt the violence by Cook County Judge Edmund J. Jareki. Seventy plainclothes officers, newly deputized as county sheriffs, descended on Cicero. Frank Capone, Al's brother, was killed that evening by detective sergeant William Cusack during an altercation on 22nd Street and Cicero Avenue. Charles Fischetti was also arrested at the scene. Kenha won the election, ensuring the Torrio-Capone gang's local immunity into the 1930s.

Torrio was wary of being drawn into gang wars and tried to negotiate agreements over territory between rival crime groups. The smaller North Side Gang led by Dean O'Banion was of mixed ethnicity, and it came under pressure from the Genna brothers who were allied with Torrio. O'Banion found that Torrio was unhelpful with the encroachment of the Gennas into the North Side, despite his pretensions to be a settler of disputes. The "Terrible" Genna brothers, as they were known, consisted of Peter, James, Angelo, Tony, Sam and Mike "The Devil" Genna. They were known for their ruthlessness and intemperate disposition. In a fateful step, Torrio either arranged for or acquiesced to the murder of O'Banion at his flower shop on November 10, 1924. This placed Hymie Weiss at the head of the gang, backed by Vincent Drucci and Bugs Moran. Weiss had been a close friend of O'Banion and the North Siders made it a priority to get revenge on his killers.

At the end of 1924, the Torrio-Capone gang had between 300–400 members, while the North Side gang could count on around 200 soldiers.

Beer Wars and Al Capone

In early 1925, the North Side began a string of retaliations for O'Banion's murder. First, in January 1925, Capone's car was shot up without him in it. Twelve days later, on January 24, Torrio was returning from a shopping trip with his wife Anna, when he was shot several times by North Side gunmen. After recovering, he effectively resigned and handed control to Capone, age 26 at the time. Torrio retired to New York and acted as an advisor to the New York Mafia in helping form the "Commission".

During the beer wars, the Capone gang's enforcement group was led by "Machine Gun" Jack McGurn, and included Tony Capezio, Claude "Screwy" Maddox, Sam "Golf Bag" Hunt, Frank Rio, and others. 1925–1926 were the most violent years of Chicago's "Beer Wars" in which 133 gangsters were murdered. On September 20, 1926, the North Side gang attacked Capone's headquarters at Cicero's Hawthorne Hotel, shooting hundreds of rounds and only narrowly missing Capone. Less than a month later, on October 11th, North Side gang leader Hymie Weiss was gunned down with a Thompson in front of Holy Name Cathedral, allegedly by Jack McGurn. Weiss was succeeded by Vincent Drucci, a WW1 veteran and close friend of Weiss.

In 1928, the Capone gang was active in the violent Pineapple Primary election. Capone had previously donated $200,000 to Big Bill Thompson's corrupt mayoral campaign, and then used his gangsters to intimidate, assault, and bomb Thompson's political rivals in an attempt to keep the Republican party in power.

Capone was widely assumed to have been responsible for ordering the 1929 Saint Valentine's Day Massacre in an attempt to eliminate Bugs Moran, head of the North Side Gang. On that fateful and cold February morning, four Capone henchmen (two dressed as Chicago policemen) entered the S.M.C Cartage Company garage located at 2122 N. Clark St. Chicago, Illinois, to find seven men, which included five of Moran's soldiers, an auto mechanic, and a friend of the gangsters, awaiting a shipment of hijacked booze. All seven men were lined up against the wall in a mock police raid and shot to death. Moran escaped narrowly by accidentally arriving late to the meeting. Moran was the last survivor of the North Side gunmen; his succession had come about because his similarly aggressive predecessors Vincent Drucci and Hymie Weiss had been killed in the violence that followed the murder of original leader Dean O'Banion.

Capone was convicted on three counts of income tax evasion on October 17, 1931, and was sentenced a week later to 11 years in federal prison, fined $50,000 plus $7,692 for court costs, and was held liable for $215,000 plus interest due on his back taxes. Capone later died of heart failure as a result of apoplexy on January 25, 1947.

From Nitti to Accardo

1930s–1950s

In 1931, head of operations Frank Nitti was also convicted of tax evasion and sent to prison; however, Nitti received an 18-month sentence. When Nitti was released on March 25, 1932, he took his place as the new boss of the Capone Gang. However, it soon became apparent that the real power in the Outfit was his underboss, Paul Ricca. Not only did Ricca frequently overrule Nitti's orders, but the leaders of the National Crime Syndicate dealt solely with him. Ricca would be the crime boss of Chicago, either in name or in fact, for the next 40 years.

Over the next decade, The Outfit moved into labor racketeering, gambling, and loan sharking. Geographically, this was the period when Outfit muscle extended to Milwaukee and Madison, Wisconsin, Kansas City, and especially to Hollywood and other California cities, where The Outfit's extortion of labor unions gave it leverage over the motion picture industry.

In the early 1940s, a handful of top Outfit leaders went to prison because they were found to be extorting Hollywood by controlling the unions that compose Hollywood's movie industry, and manipulating and misusing the Teamsters Central States Pension fund. In 1943, the Outfit was caught red-handed shaking down the Hollywood movie industry. Ricca wanted Nitti to take the fall. However, Nitti had found that he was claustrophobic, years earlier while in jail for 18 months (for tax evasion), and he decided to end his life rather than face more imprisonment for extorting Hollywood. Ricca then became the boss in name as well as in fact, with enforcement chief Tony Accardo as underboss—the start of a partnership that lasted for almost 30 years. Around this time, the Outfit began bringing in members of the Forty-Two Gang, a notoriously violent youth gang. Among them were Sam "Momo" Giancana, Sam "Mad Sam" DeStefano, Felix "Milwaukee Phil" Alderisio, and Fiore "Fifi" Buccieri.

Ricca was sent to prison later in 1943 for his part in The Outfit plot to control Hollywood. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison, along with a number of other mobsters. Through the "magic" of political connections, the whole group of Outfit mobsters was released after three years, largely due to the efforts of Outfit "fixer" Murray "The Camel" Humphreys. Ricca could not associate with mobsters as a condition of his parole. Accardo nominally took power as boss, but actually shared power with Ricca, who continued behind the scenes as a senior consultant—one of the few instances of shared power in organized crime.

Accardo joined Ricca in semi-retirement in 1957 due to some "heat" that he was getting from the IRS. From then on, Ricca and Accardo allowed several others to nominally serve as boss, such as Giancana, Alderisio, Joey Aiuppa, William "Willie Potatoes" Daddano, and Jackie "the Lackey" Cerone. Most of the front bosses originated from the Forty-Two Gang. However, no major business transactions took place without Ricca and Accardo's knowledge and approval, and certainly no "hits". By staying behind the scenes, Ricca and Accardo lasted far longer than Capone. Ricca died in 1972, leaving Accardo as the sole power behind the scenes.

1960s–1990s

During the 1960 presidential election, many claimed that the Mafia, and in particular, the Chicago Outfit, boosted candidate and future president John F. Kennedy. The strategy for boosting votes for Kennedy essentially ran through the Mafia-controlled unions, physically threatening those who did not vote for Kennedy. It was even said that Joseph Kennedy held a meeting with mob boss Sam Giancana before the election. Supposedly, the Kennedys and the Mafia agreed that if John were elected president, he would lighten the pursuit of authorities on the mob group. However, after the election, President Kennedy turned on Giancana. Theories say this is what led to his and Robert Kennedy's assassinations. Further, many believe the Outfit was involved in a Central Intelligence Agency–Mafia collusion during Castro's overthrow of the Cuban government. In exchange for its help, the Outfit was to be given access to its former casinos if it helped overthrow Fidel Castro in Operation Mongoose or Operation Family Jewels. The Outfit failed in that endeavor and faced increasing indictments under the administration of President John F. Kennedy.

The Outfit reached the height of its power in the early 1960s. Accardo used the Teamsters pension fund, with the aid of Meyer Lansky, Sidney Korshak, and Jimmy Hoffa, to engage in massive money laundering through the Outfit's casinos. The Outfit controlled casinos in Las Vegas and "skimmed" millions of dollars over the course of several decades. Most recently, top mob figures have been found guilty of crimes dating back to as early as the mid-1960s. It has been rumored that the $2 million skimmed from the casinos in the Court case of 1986 was used to build the Old Neighborhood Italian American Club, the founder of which was Angelo J. "The Hook" LaPietra. The 1995 Martin Scorsese movie Casino depicts The Outfit's activities in Las Vegas during the 1970s, where bookmaker Frank "Lefty" Rosenthal and made man Anthony "The Ant" Spilotro managed the Stardust, Fremont, Marina, and Hacienda casinos on behalf of Joey "Doves" Aiuppa.

The 1970s and 1980s were a hard time for the Outfit, as law enforcement continued to penetrate the organization, spurred by poll-watching politicians. Off-track betting reduced bookmaking profits, and illicit casinos withered under competition from legitimate casinos. Activities such as auto theft and professional sports betting did not replace the lost profits. In the 1970s and early 1980s, a series of over 20 murders resulted from the Outfit's takeover of car theft rackets on the South Side of Chicago and Northwest Indiana. During this period, known as the "chop shop wars", James "Jimmy the Bomber" Cataura, the head of the Chicago Heights crew, was tasked by Outfit leaders with seizing control of auto theft operations from a vast network of independent car thieves in the Chicago area. Cataura himself was a victim of the "chop shop wars" when he was killed in July 1978 amidst a power struggle within his own crew with underling Albert Tocco for control of the lucrative stolen car rings. The Outfit simultaneously waged a campaign to gain control over independent pornographic bookstores, massage parlors and strip clubs in and around Chicago, with several gangland-style murders being attributed to the "porn wars". Beginning in 1977, the Outfit engaged in a "loose alliance" with the Outlaws Motorcycle Club to control and share the profits from organized prostitution in Chicago.

Allen Dorfman, a key figure in the Outfit's money embezzlement operations, was investigated by the Department of Justice. In 1982, the FBI wire-tapped Dorfman's personal and company phone lines and was able to gather the evidence needed to convict Dorfman and several of his associates on attempts to bribe a state senator to get rid of the trucking industry rates. If Dorfman had succeeded, the Outfit would have seen a huge gain of profit. This was known as Operation Pendorf and was a huge blow to the Chicago crime syndicate.

Operation GAMBAT (GAMBling ATtorney) proved to be a crippling blow to the Outfit's tight grip on the Chicago political machine. Pat Marcy, a made man in the Outfit, ran the city's First Ward, which represented most of downtown Chicago. Marcy and company controlled the circuit courts from the 1950s until the late 1980s with the help of Alderman Fred Roti and Democratic Committeeman John D'Arco Sr. Together, the First Ward fixed cases involving everything from minor traffic violations to murder.

Attorney and First Ward associate Robert Cooley was one of the lawyers who represented many mafiosi and associates in which cases were fixed. As a trusted man within the First Ward, Cooley was asked to "take out" a city police officer. Cooley was also an addicted gambler and in debt, so he approached the U.S. Justice Department's Organized Crime Strike Force, declaring that he wanted to "destroy Marcy and the First Ward".

Cooley was soon in touch with the FBI and began cooperating as a federal informant. Through the years, he maintained close ties to Marcy and the big shots of the First Ward. He wore an electronic surveillance device, recording valuable conversations at the notorious "First Ward Table", located at "Counselor's Row" across the street from Chicago City Hall. The results in Operation Gambat (Gambling Attorney) were convictions of 24 corrupt judges, lawyers, and cops.

In February 1990, 20 members and associates of the Outfit's "Ferriola Street Crew", which was headed by Joseph Ferriola before being taken over by Ernest Rocco Infelice upon Ferriola's death, were indicted on various federal charges including murder, extortion and bribery following an eight-year FBI investigation.

Accardo died in 1992. In a measure of how successfully he had managed to stay out of the limelight, he never spent a day in jail (or only spent one day, depending on the source) despite an arrest record dating to 1922. Chicago's transition from Accardo to the next generation of Outfit bosses has been more of an administrative change than a power struggle, distinct from the way that organized crime leadership transitions take place in New York City.

21st century

Higher law enforcement investigations and general attrition led to the Outfit's gradual decline since the late 20th century. The Old Neighborhood Italian American Club is considered to be the hangout of Old Timers as they live out their golden years. The club's founder was Angelo J. LaPietra "The Hook", who was the main Council at the time of his death in 1999.

On April 25, 2005, the U.S. Department of Justice launched Operation Family Secrets, which indicted 14 Outfit members and associates under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), including Joseph Lombardo, Nicholas Calabrese, Frank Calabrese Sr. and James Marcello. U.S. District Court Judge James Zagel presided over the Family Secrets trial. The federal prosecutors were Mitchell A. Mars, T. Markus Funk, and John Scully. Facing a life sentence, Nicholas Calabrese became the first "made" member of the Chicago Outfit to become a witness for the federal government. Calabrese gave information on 14 murders he was personally involved with and knowledge of 22 killings during the past 30 years.

As of 2007, the Outfit's size is estimated to be 28 official members (composing its core group) and more than 100 associates.

From 1996 to 2018, the Chicago Outfit was believed to be led by John DiFronzo. As of 2021, the Chicago Outfit is believed to be led by Salvatore "Solly D" DeLaurentis.

Historical leadership

Bosses

Name and nickname(s)	Image	Tenure		Notes
Vincenzo Colosimo Big Jim, Diamond Jim		1910	1920	Murdered on May 11, 1920.
John D. Torrio (Born Donato Torrio) Papa Johnny, The Fox		1920	1925	Retired in 1925 after an assassination attempt.
Alphonse "Al" Capone Al Brown, Scarface, Snorky		1925	1931	Sentenced for tax evasion in 1931.
Frank Nitti (Born Francesco Nitto) The Enforcer		1931	1943	Committed suicide in 1943.
Paul Ricca (Born Felice DeLucia) The Waiter		1943	1947	Sentenced for extortion in 1943; stepped down in 1947.
Anthony "Tony" Accardo (Born Antonino Accardo) Joe Batters, Big Tuna		1947	1957	Stepped down in 1957, becoming a "shadow executive" of the mob.
Salvatore "Sam" Giancana (Born Gilormo Giangana) Mooney, Mo, Momo		1957	1966	Fled to Mexico to avoid imprisonment in 1966, deposed by Ricca and Accardo.
Samuel Battaglia (Born Salvatore Battaglia) Teets		1966	1967	Sentenced for violating the Hobbs Act in 1967.
Felix Alderisio Milwaukee Phil		1967	1971	Sentenced for extortion in 1967–1969, deceased in 1971.
Joseph Aiuppa Joey Doves, Joey O'Brien		1971	1986	Sentenced for skimming in 1986.
Samuel Carlisi Sam Wings, Black Sam		1986	1996	Sentenced for racketeering in 1993–1994 and 1996, deceased in 1997.
John Monteleone Johnny Apes		1997	2001	Former caporegime of 26th Street/Chinatown crew before becoming boss. Died in January 2001.
James Marcello Little Jimmy, Jimmy Light, Jimmy the Man		2001	2006	Sentenced in 2007, imprisoned for life in 2009.
Michael Sarno Fat Mike		2006	2010	Convicted in 2010 and in 2012 sentenced to 25 years in prison.
Salvatore Delaurentis Solly D		2010	Present

Street boss

The street boss is a high-ranking member appointed to run the outfit's daily activities for the boss. The position was created to protect the boss from federal investigations.

• 1986–1989: Joseph "Joe Nagall" Ferriola – deceased from heart troubles in 1989.
• 1989–1993: John "No Nose" DiFronzo – sentenced for racketeering in 1993–1994
• 1993–1994: Joseph "Joe the Builder" Andriacchi – stepped down
• 1994–1997: John "No Nose" DiFronzo – stepped down
• 2001–2003: Alfonso "Al the Pizza Man" Tornabene – stepped down
• 2012–2016: Louis "Louie Tomatoes" Marino – stepped down, died March 7, 2017
• 2016–present: Albert "Albie the Falcon" Vena

Underboss

• 1910–1920: John "Papa Johnny" Torrio – became boss in 1920.
• 1920–1925: Alphonse "Scarface Al" Capone – became boss in 1925.
• 1925–1931: Frank "The Enforcer" Nitti – became boss in 1931.
• 1931–1943: Louis "Little New York" Campagna – arrested in 1943, deceased in 1955.
• 1943–1947: Tony "Joe Batters" Accardo – became boss in 1947.
• 1947–1957: Salvatore "Mooney Sam" Giancana – became boss in 1957, murdered in 1975.
• 1957–1964: Frank "Strongy" Ferraro – died in 1964.
• 1964–1966: Samuel "Teets" Battaglia – became boss in 1966, deceased in 1973.
• 1967–1986: John "Jackie the Lackey" Cerone – imprisoned in 1986, deceased in 1996.
• 1986–1992: John "No Nose" DiFronzo – also served as Street boss.
• 1992–1996: James "Jimmy the Man" Marcello – imprisoned.
• 1996–2006: Anthony "Little Tony" Zizzo – disappeared and probably murdered in 2006.
• 2006–2009: Joseph "Joe the Builder" Andriacchi – retired briefly due to illness.
• 2009–2020: Salvatore "Sammy Cards" Cataudella – became acting underboss
• 2020–2023: James "Jimmy I" Inendino – died on February 23, 2023.
  • Acting 2020–2023: Salvatore "Sammy Cards" Cataudella – became official underboss
• 2023–present: Salvatore "Sammy Cards" Cataudella

Consigliere

• 1925–1928: Antonio "Tony the Scourge" Lombardo – murdered in 1928.
• 1928–1947: Charles "Trigger Happy" Fischetti – retired in 1947, deceased in 1951.
• 1947–1957: Paul "The Waiter" Ricca – retired in 1957, deceased in 1972.
• 1957–1992: Tony "Joe Batters" Accardo – deceased from natural causes in 1992.
• 1992–1999: Angelo J. LaPietra – deceased from natural causes in 1999.
• 1999–2007: Joseph "Joey the Clown" Lombardo – sentenced in 2007 and imprisoned in 2009; died on October 19, 2019, at the age of 90.
• 2007–2009: Alfonso "Al the Pizza Man" Tornabene – deceased in 2009.
• 2009–2020: Marco "The Mover" D'Amico – semi active by 2016, allowing Andriacchi to assist DeLaurentis, died from natural causes 2020.
  • Acting 2012–2016: Joseph "Joe the Builder" Andriacchi – became official consigliere
• 2020–2024: Joseph "Joe the Builder" Andriacchi — deceased in 2024
  • Acting 2022–present: John A. Matassa

Current family members

Administration

• Boss – Salvatore "Solly D" DeLaurentis – born in 1939. Inducted in either 1988 or 1989 and put in charge of Lake County, Illinois. He was indicted in 1993 along with Ernest "Rocky" Infelice, Louis "Louie Tomatoes" Marino, Robert "Bobby The Gabeet" Bellavia, Harry Aleman, Marco "The Mover" D'Amico, and several others, in the Good Ship Lollipop Case, which centered on mob murders by the Cicero Street Crew and sent to prison for 17 years. He was released in 2006. His role in the Outfit between 2007 and 2014 when he became boss is unclear, though it is theorized that he was a co-capo of the Cicero Crew.
• Street Boss – Albert "Albie the Falcon" Vena – born in 1948. Part of the new administration following the retirement of John DiFronzo. Vena was once a powerful capo of the Grand Avenue crew and replaced Joseph Lombardo after his 2007, conviction of a 1974 murder. By 2000, Vena had been acquitted of 2 murders. FBI investigators from the August 2006, disappearance case of Anthony Zizzo considered him a suspect. In 1993, Vena was acquitted of the November 4, 1992 murder of Samuel Taglia who was shot twice in the head and had his throat cut with a knife, his body dumped in the trunk of his 1983 Buick car. His most trusted confidants were reported to be Joseph Andriacchi and James Inendino.
• Underboss – Salvatore "Sammy Cards" Cataudella – former acting underboss; convicted of racketeering related to a prostitution scheme in 1990.
• Consigliere – Vacant
• Acting Consigliere – John "Pudgy" Matassa Jr. – currently acting consigliere. Matassa took over the North Side/Rush Street Crew. In 2019, Matassa pleaded guilty in a scheme aimed at fraudulently qualifying for early retirement benefits.

Caporegimes

• Frank "Toots" Caruso – Capo of the 26th Street/Chinatown Crew.
• Rudolph "Rudy" Fratto – Capo of the Elmwood Park Crew; Peter DiFronzo was the captain before his death in December 2020. Rudy Fratto became Caporegime by 2021. Fratto was born in 1943. He was first identified as a member of the Chicago Outfit in 1997. In October 2009, he pleaded guilty to tax evasion. In September 2012, he was sentenced to 1-year imprisonment for bid-rigging $2 million in forklift contracts for a pair of trade shows at McCormick Place. Theories have arisen that he and Michael "Mags" Magnafichi have been running the crew jointly as co-capos, though sources dispute this as Magnafichi has reportedly not been active in years.
• Nicholas "Jumbo" Guzzino - Chicago Heights Crew. According to Nick Calabrese he became a made man in 1983, and was sponsored by Dominick Palermo, a powerful underboss in the Chicago Heights Crew under Albert Tocco. Took over whatever remained of the old Chicago Heights Crew. It is possible and highly likely that he is retired.
• Louis "Louie" Rainone – Capo of the Cicero Crew. In 2012, Rainone's business the Roosevelt Gold Exchange was robbed by five suspects.
• Christopher "Christy the Nose" Spina – Capo of the Grand Ave Crew. Spina was a long time member of the Grand Avenue Crew and a close associate of Albert Vena. He was also the driver of Joey Lombardo and at one time he worked for Chicago's Bureau of Signs and Markings. In 1993, Spina lost his foreman job at the First Ward sanitation yard when the City of Chicago stated he was chauffeuring Joseph Lombardo around.

Soldiers

• Robert Bellavia: former member of the Ferriola crew. He was involved in the February 7, 1985 murder of bookmaker Hal C. Smith, the body was recovered 3 days later in the trunk of his car. In 1990, he was indicted and later convicted in the Good Ship Lollipop case, a large-scale racketeering and murder indictment alongside Ernest Infelice, Solly DeLaurentis, Harry Aleman, James Nicholas and William DiDomenico. He was released in 2016 after serving 25 years in prison.
• Michael Carioscia: born 1933. In December 1950, he was arrested on charges of armed robbery and was sentenced to 2 years' imprisonment, he was released in 1954. He was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment in October 1961 on narcotics charges after he and Armando Pennacchio made three sales of a large quantity of heroin to an undercover FBN officer. He has a brother named Frank.
• Dominick "Mennie" Cassano: Elmwood Park soldier and brother of Gino "Mean Gene" Cassano and Angelo "The Angel" Cassano (deceased). He and his brothers were convicted of attempted murder in 1993.
• Gino "Mean Gene" Cassano: Elmwood Park soldier and brother of Dominick "Mennie" Cassano and Angelo "The Angel" Cassano (deceased). He and his brothers were convicted of attempted murder in 1993.
• Anthony "Tony" Dote: In November 1994, he was indicted on charges of racketeering and illegal gambling. He pleaded guilty to the charges in 1996 and was sentenced to 4 years imprisonment.
• Nicholas "Nick" Ferriola: born in 1977. He is the son of Joseph Ferriola. He was sentenced by U.S. District Judge James Zagel in 2008 to 3 years in federal prison for his role in the Family Secrets case, he was accused of extortion and illegal sports gambling charges over an 8-year period, Ferriola admitted to earning over $150,000 per month. He served as a trusted confidant to Frank Calabrese Sr. during the operation including after Calabrese's life imprisonment sentence in 2009.
• Gary "Gags" Gagliano: Gagliano is the nephew of Joseph Gagliano, a close associate of Jackie Cerone. He is a member of the Elmwood Park Crew.
• Michael "Jaws" Giorango: former associate of the Chicago Heights crew. He pleaded guilty to operating a bookmaking ring in the suburbs of South Chicago in 1989 and used threats of violence to collect unpaid debts including threats of beatings, bombings and robbery. In 1990, he was sentenced to prison and served 4 years. In 2010, reports linked him and Alexi Giannoulias, the 72nd Democratic Illinois treasurer, to a $11–20 million loan. In 2004, he was sentenced to six months of intermittent confinement and three years of probation for prostitution charges in Miami. He was granted early release from probation in 2008. In 2010, he filed for bankruptcy protection and listed assets and liabilities between $500,000 and $1 million. His case was dismissed in 2013.
• Dino Marino: Son of Louis "Louie Tomatoes" Marino and driver of Solly D. He was arrested for a no-show job as Health Department inspector for the Town of Cicero.
• John "Pudgy" Matassa: former captain and former secretary-treasurer of the Independent Union of Amalgamated Workers Local 711 and outfit soldier.
• Robert “Bobby Pinocchio” Panozzo: Panozzo is a former member of the C-Notes street gang and soldier of the Grand Avenue crew. He was sentenced to 18 years on state racketeering charges on January 8, 2019.
• Joseph Jerome "Jerry" Scalise: Outfit soldier, best known for stealing the Marlborough diamond. Currently incarcerated.
• Michael "A1 Mike" Zitello: Cicero soldier and bookmaker. He is a former protege of Louis "Louie Tomatoes" Marino.

Associates

• Dominic Buttitta: Outfit soldier, Strip Club owner and father of fellow mobster Anthony Buttitta. They both were arrested by the FBI for an illegal internet gambling business.
• Anthony Buttitta: Outfit soldier and son of fellow mobster Dominic Buttitta. They both were arrested by the FBI for an illegal internet gambling business.
• Paul "Paulie" Carparelli: Cicero crew, debt collector and high-ranking member of Twelfth Street Players gang.
• Frank Caruso Jr.: son of 26th Street crew Capo Frank "Toots" Caruso was arrested for beating a black boy in 1998.
• Michael "Mickey" Davis: Close associate of Salvatore DeLaurentis. In June 2015, he was found guilty of extortion and was sentenced to 4 years imprisonment.
• Carlo "The Fat Man/Carl D" Dote: Elmwood Park soldier, cafe owner and bookmaker.
• Gioacchino "Jack" Galione: Elmwood Park associate he and Gene "Mean Gene" Cassano were on trial for assaulting Luigi Mucerino over a $10,000 juice loan. The charges were later dismissed.
• Paul Koroluk: joint leader of the P-K street crew. The crew is named after the leaders Robert Panozzo Sr. and Koroluk. The P-K crew posed as police officers to rob drug houses on Chicago's South and West Sides. Koroluk is currently serving an 18-year prison sentence on RICO charges.
• Rocco "Rocky" Lombardo: Lombardo is the brother of Joseph Lombardo, former Chicago Outfit Consigliere. In 2007, he was sentenced to 5 years probation for tax fraud.
• Frank Orlando: At his trial, the FBI alleged Orlando introduced printing firm owner Mark Dziuban to Paul Carparelli to discuss extortion attempts. In 2014, he was sentenced to almost 4 years in prison on extortion charges.
• Rick Rizzolo: Strip Club owner and Outfit soldier in Las Vegas.
• Filippo "Gigi" Rovito: Burr Ridge restaurant owner was sentenced to 6 years imprisonment for kidnapping and rape in 1997. He was hired by Mickey Davis to arrange the beating of R.J. Serpico the owner of Ideal Motors, a used-car dealership in Melrose Park. R.J. Serpico had a $300,000 debt by Salvatore DeLaurentis. The beating never happens because one of the men who Gigi has hired, George Brown was an FBI informant.
• Emil "Nick The Badge" Schullo: Former Cicero Police chief. He was convicted in 2002 in a federal racketeering case alongside Chicago Mafioso Michael (Big Mike) Spano and then-Cicero Mayor Betty Loren-Maltese. He awarded a contract to a security company owned by Spano.
• Anthony Volpendesto: Volpendesto was convicted along with Michael Sarno and Outlaws member Mark Polchan in 2014 for running the illegal gambling establishment "C&S Amusements" in Cicero. His father was the mobster Sam Volpendesto.

Former family members

• Joseph "Joe the Builder" Andriacchi – former consigliere. Andriacchi was a cousin by marriage to Joey "The Clown" Lombardo, Andriacchi was charged with the disappearance of Anthony Rizzo in 2006. he died in August 2024.
• James "Jimmy Poker" DiForti – former loanshark and secretary-treasurer of International Laborers Union Local 5 in Chicago Heights. In July 1997, DiForti was charged with the 1988 murder of William Benham. DiForti died on June 6, 2000.
• James "Jimmy I" Inendino – former underboss and capo of the Cicero Crew. According to sources, Inendino operated as captain of the Cicero crew since 2010. He died on February 23, 2023.

Associates

The Outfit is notable for having had other ethnic groups besides Italians as high-ranking associates since the family's earliest days. A prime example of this was Jake "Greasy Thumb" Guzik, a Polish Jew, who was the top "bagman" and "accountant" for decades until his death. Others were Murray Humphreys, who was of Welsh descent, Gus Alex, a Greek, and Ken Eto (aka Tokyo Joe), who was Japanese-American.

Another well-known associate of the Outfit is Jewish New York City mobster Benjamin Siegel. Siegel was a childhood friend of Capone. Siegel's organization in Las Vegas and Los Angeles was an ally of the Outfit from 1933 to 1961 when the family boss, Mickey Cohen, was imprisoned and the family was decimated.

• Gus Alex
• Jake "Greasy Thumb" Guzik
• Murray Humphreys
• Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel

Government informants and witnesses

• Louis Bombacino – born in 1923. He was a former bookmaker. Between 1965 and 1967, Bombacino contacted the FBI while in prison awaiting trial on a robbery charge. He admitted to involvement in a large-scale bookmaking operation under the control of Jackie Cerone and Fiore Buccieri. He was murdered in Tempe, Arizona on the morning of October 6/7, 1975 by the Chicago Outfit while hiding under the alias "Joe Nardi", Paul Schiro and Tony Amadio were suspected in the car bombing. His testimony against Cerone resulted in 5 years' imprisonment in May 1970 and he relocated to Arizona and secured a warehouse job before his murder.
• George Brown – associate (2016): Brown worked as a debt under Paul Carparelli. After he became an FBI informant he testified against Mickey Davis and Paul Carparelli, that he was hired to break both legs of the Melrose Park car dealer R.J. Serpico. His testimonial helped to arrest outfit members and associates: Robert McManus, Michael "Mickey" Davis, Mark Dziuban, Frank Orlando, Vito Iozzo, James Amabile and Paul Carparelli.
• Richard Cain – born in October 1931. He served as Chief Investigator for the Cook County Police Department. Cain joined the Chicago Police Department (Vice Squad) in 1956 until 1960. In June 1961, Cain was allegedly met by a CIA staffer in Mexico City, he was deported from Mexico in 1962 for carrying a loaded gun and brass knuckles, violating his tourist permit by working and impersonating a Mexican government official. He was released from prison in October 1971. On December 20, 1971, he was shot and killed on orders of the Chicago Outfit. Harry Aleman, Joey Lombardo and Frank Schweihs were suspected of killing him.
• Frank Calabrese Jr. – associate (2005)
• Nicholas Calabrese – born in November 1942. He is a former soldier in the Chicago Outfit. He was the brother of Frank Calabrese Sr. and uncle of Frank Calabrese Jr. and the star witness of the Family Secrets case. Calabrese was convicted for his involvement in 14 murders and sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment by District Judge James Zagel.
• Frank Cullotta – born in December 1938. He was a former associate and friend of Tony Spilotro, and was involved in his Hole in the Wall gang based in Las Vegas. In 1982, Cullotta was imprisoned and was approached by the FBI with a wiretap of Spilotro talking with someone about "having to clean our dirty laundry", which Cullotta took as an insinuated contract on his life. Due to this, in July 1982, Cullotta finalized an agreement with the prosecutors, sentenced to eight years in prison, but paroled in 1984 to the witness protection program. Cullotta died on August 20, 2020.
• Ken Eto – born in 1919. He was a former Japanese-American Chicago Outfit associate. He arrived in Chicago from Washington in 1949. Eto's criminal record dates back to 1942 for violating a wartime curfew. In February 1983, Eto survived an assassination attempt on his life by Outfit hitmen Jasper Campise and John Gattuso after 3 bullets ricocheted off of his skull, he immediately joined protective custody and turned informant against the Outfit, Outfit captain Vincent Solano ordered the attempt. The assassination attempt is believed to have revolved around paranoia towards Eto following his guilty plea on illegal gambling charges, which provoked the Chicago Outfit to believe the possibility of Eto being easily persuaded to cooperate with the government against the Outfit. The hitmen, 68-year-old Jasper Campise and 47-year-old John Gattuso were offered government protection and declined, they were both found strangled and stabbed in July 1983 inside of the trunk of a 1981 Volvo registered to Campise. The FBI estimated his criminal earnings of between "$150,000 to $200,000" per week and bribe payoffs of $12,000 per month to Chicago policemen. He died in January 2004 at the age of 84 from natural causes.
• Jeff Hollingshead – associate (2014): Hollingshead was an associate of the Grand Avenue Crew and a member of the P-K street crew named after the leaders Robert Panozzo Sr. and Paul Koroluk. The P-K crew posed as police officers to rob drug houses on Chicago's south and west side.
• William "B.J." Jahoda – former associate. He operated a sports bookmaking ring with Sam Sammarco between 1976 and 1979. Jahoda later began a partnership with Rocco Infelise in 1979 through to 1988, the operation allegedly earned over $8 million in profits. He operated an illegal parlay card business with Michael Sarno, James Damopoulos, Salvatore DeLaurentis and Infelise from 1979 to 1983 in Lake County, Illinois and other parts of Chicago. He also operated the Rouse House casino in suburban Libertyville, Illinois in 1982 which generated approximately $500,000 in profits, during this time he paid Infelise $1500 monthly payments to bribe the Lake County Sheriff to get advance notice of law enforcement raids. By the fall of 1988, Infelise told Jahoda that he was paying $10,000 to the Cook County Police Department Sheriff for protection and that he used undersheriff and former Cook County Republican Party chairman James Dvorak as the intermediate, Dvorak was sentenced to 3½ years in prison in April 1994 for accepting bribes. In September 1989, Infelise confirmed that he was paying $35,000 altogether to incarcerated Outfit members and Chicago police officers. In early 1990, the government alleged Infelise and Jahoda gave out a $50,000 loan to an undercover IRS agent under the identity of "Larry Weeks" who Infelise instructed to bribe a Wisconsin zoning official to gain favorable selection in their efforts to get commercial/industrial property near Lake Geneva, Wisconsin as residential property. He died in 2004.
• Leonard Patrick – born in October 1913. Former associate heavily involved in illegal gambling rackets active in the North Side of Chicago. In June 1933, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison for robbing a bank in Culver, Indiana. He came to the attention of the U.S. Attorney in 1958 as a Chicago Outfit affiliate. In 1975, Patrick was convicted of contempt after he refused to testify under immunity against Chicago police lieutenant Ronald O'Hara and admitted to payoffs of $500 per month to O'Hara. Patrick was released in July 1978. He pleaded guilty to criminal charges in April 1992. It is alleged the Outfit ordered the bombing of Sharon Patrick's car outside her home in Rogers Park, Chicago in May 1992, as a result of his guilty plea. In September 1992, he testified against the Chicago Outfit. He is believed to have been involved in, if not ordered, the 1965 assassination of 24th Ward Alderman Ben Lewis, the city's first black alderman and Democrat committeeman. He died in 2006.
• Gerald Scarpelli – soldier (1988)

List of Chicago Outfit related murders

Name	Date	Rank	Reason
Carmen Trotta	March 21, 1970	Associate	Trotta, an Outfit associate, was shot to death in Lyons, Illinois. Unknown who or why he was killed.
Michael Albergo	August 1970	Associate	The Chicago Outfit were worried Albergo, a Chicago Outfit associate and enforcer, would cooperate after being charged and arrested for loansharking. It is believed Frank Calabrese was the killer.
Robert Pronger	June 17, 1971	Associate	Pronger was a NASCAR driver and car racing champion. He disappeared in 1971 and is believed to have been murdered by William Dauber and Steve Ostrowsky.
Sam Cesario	October 19, 1971	Soldier	Cesario managed to get himself into a relationship with the girlfriend of Felix Alderisio, former Chicago Outfit boss and underboss to Sam Giancana. It is believed Cesario was shot and killed by Harry Aleman and another man.
Richard Cain	Dec 30, 1973	Associate	Ex-Cook County chief investigator officer shot twice with a shotgun in Rose's Sandwich Shop at 1117W. Grand Avenue by two assailants.
Carlo DeVivo	Jan 16, 1975		A bookmaker, shot by two assailants when he stepped out from his car in front of his home at 3631 N. Nora Avenue.
Marty Buccieri	May 12, 1975	Associate	Buccieri is killed after demanding a finders fee for helping broker financing for casino executive Allen Glick's Argent Corp. It is believed Tony Spilotro was the killer.
Nick Galanos	Aug 30, 1975		A Bookie conducting business at River Forest, and also informant, was shot 7 times in a basement at his home at 5301 W. Wabansia Avenue.
Anthony J. Reitinger	Oct 31, 1975		A Bookmaker killed when he sat in Mama Luna's restaurant at 4346 W. Fullerton Avenue by two assailants.
Frank Gaulakos	Aug 28, 1975		Shot outside DiLeo's Restaurant at 5615 West Seminole Avenue where he worked as a cook.
Frank Plum	Oct 8, 1975		Shot in the head four times in an alley behind 939 North California Avenue.
Louis DeBartolo	Jan 31, 1976		Louis was found shot in the head, with a mop handle in his throat, in a store where he worked at 5945 W. North Avenue.
Ray Ryan	October 18, 1977	Associate	Ryan was blown up in a car bomb in the parking lot of his Evansville, Indiana health club. Ryan had testified against Marshall Caifano in an extortion case and had tried to bribe his way out of a murder contract upon Caifano's release from prison.
Stevie Garcia	February 2, 1978	Associate	Chicago Outfit burglar, he was found inside the trunk of a car at the Sheraton Hotel next to O'Hare International Airport with multiple stab wounds including slashed from ear to ear, he was suspected of breaking into the home of Anthony Accardo.
Vince Moretti and Don Renno	February 4, 1978	Associate & Associate	Moretti was an ex-cop and Chicago Outfit burglar. Moretti was castrated and disemboweled, his face had been burned off with an acetylene torch and he and Renno also had their throats slashed.
James "Jimmy the Bomber" Catuara	July 28, 1978	Captain	Shot dead aged 72 in Cook County, Illinois behind the wheel of a Cadillac, paving the way for Albert Tocco to grab complete control of the Chicago Heights crew and the Outfit's lucrative chop-shop tax. Catuara's crew allegedly oversaw illegal gambling and prostitution.
Michael Volpe	October 5, 1978	Associate	Accardo's longtime housekeeper vanishes. The FBI alleges his disappearance is in connection to Volpe's testimony to a federal grand jury five days previous.
Anthony "Little Tony" Borsellino	May 22, 1979	Soldier	Borsellino, known as a Chicago Outfit hitman, was found shot five times in the back of the head and dumped in a Frankfort farm field. He was killed as a result of falling out with Gerry Scarpelli.
Timmy O'Brien	May 23, 1979	Associate	O'Brien, a salvage yard owner and former friend and business partner of Richie Ferraro is found shot to death in the trunk of his car in Blue Island, Illinois.
Richard D. Ortiz and Arthur Morawski	July 23, 1983	Associate	Ortiz had allegedly committed a murder which was not approved by the Outfit. The murder of his friend, Morawski, had not been intended.
James "Mugsy" Tortoriello	November 26, 1984	Soldier	Found in the trunk of a car, shot to death, at a warehouse near Fort Lauderdale-Holywood International Airport.
Leonard "Little Lenny" Yaras	January 10, 1985	Associate	Yaras was allegedly known as an Outfit enforcer. Yaras was shot several times as he sat in his car. It has been alleged he was skimming profits from the Outfit.
Charles "Chuckie English" Inglese	February 9, 1985	Soldier	Found shot several times in the head, possibly due to a power vacuum.
Hal Smith	February 12, 1985	Associate	Bookie Hal Smith was found in the trunk of his car, beaten and tortured to death, allegedly for refusing to pay street tax to the Outfit.
Patrick "Patsy Rich" Ricciardi	July 26, 1985	Unknown - Associate or Soldier	Shot twice in the back of the head whilst sitting inside of a stolen car, allegedly for skimming extortion money and suspected of being an informant.
Mike Lentini	January 13, 1986	Associate	44-year old Lentini was shot to death while sitting inside of his car. Unknown why he was killed.
Richie DePrizo	January 27, 1986	Associate	36-year old DePrizo was shot several times in the head. It is believed he was murdered to prevent possibly testifying against the Outfit during a fraud trial.
Mike Cutler	May 15, 1998	None	Cutler was shot and killed before he was set to testify against the son of Outfit captain Frank "Tootsie" Caruso in an attempted murder trial.
Ronnie Jarrett	January 25, 2000	Unknown - Associate or Soldier	Jarrett is shot in December 1999 due to an inner feud with other Outfit members, and dies in January 2000.
Norberto Velez	November 26, 2010	Associate	Velez was allegedly an associate and enforcer for the Outfit. It has been alleged he owed the Outfit a substantial amount and took out a loan to finance a drug deal.

In popular culture

The Chicago Outfit has a long history of portrayal in Hollywood as the subject of film and television.

Film

• Little Caesar (1931)
• Scarface (1932)
• Chicago Syndicate (1955)
• The Scarface Mob (television film, 1959)
• Al Capone (1959)
• The St. Valentine's Day Massacre (1967)
• Point Blank (1967)
• Bullitt (1968)
• The Outfit (1973)
• Capone (1975)
• Thief (1981)
• Raw Deal (1986)
• The Untouchables (1987)
• Midnight Run (1988)
• Next of Kin (1989)
• The Firm (1993)
• Casino (1995)
• Payback (1999)
• Road to Perdition (2002)
• Public Enemies (2009)
• Chicago Overcoat (2009)
• Gangster Land (2017)
• Capone (2020)
• The Outfit (2022)

Television

• The Untouchables (1959–1963)
• The F.B.I. (1965–1974)
• Crime Story (1986–1988)
• The Untouchables (1993–1994)
• Sugartime (TV film) (1995)
• The Rat Pack (1998)
• Prison Break (2005–2009)
• The Chicago Code (2011)
• The Firm (2012)
• Mob Wives: Chicago (2012)
• The Mob Doctor (2012–2013)
• Boardwalk Empire (2010–2014)
• The Making of the Mob: Chicago (2016)

Anime

• 91 Days (since 2016)
• baccano! (2007)

Books

• Scott, Sabrina Austen. The Lemon Tree Girl: A Mafia Story. Amazon, 2022. ISBN 979-8985541403

Games

• Empire of Sin (2020)

See also

• Joe Aiello – rival to Al Capone during Prohibition; was also allied to Salvatore Maranzano during the Castellammarese War
• Grand Rapids Hotel
• Hired Truck Program scandal
• North Side Gang – a rival gang to Al Capone
• Timeline of organized crime in Chicago
• Unione Siciliana

General:

• Crime in Chicago
• Italians in Chicago
• List of Italian Mafia crime families

References

General references

• Binder, John (2003). The Chicago Outfit. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-2326-7.
• Cooley, Robert (2004). When Corruption Was King: How I Helped the Mob Rule Chicago, Then Brought the Outfit Down. Hachette Books. ISBN 0-7867-1583-9.
• Cooley, Will (2017). "Jim Crow Organized Crime: Black Chicago's Underground Economy in the Twentieth Century", in Building the Black Metropolis: African American Entrepreneurship in Chicago, Robert Weems and Jason Chambers, eds. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 147–170. ISBN 978-0252082948.
• Lombardi, Mark; Richards, Robert Carleton & Hobbs, Judith Richards (2003). Mark Lombardi: Global Networks. Independent Curators. ISBN 0-916365-67-0. (Published for the traveling exhibition of Lombardi's work, Mark Lombardi Global Networks).
• Nolan, John Matthew. 2,543 Days: A History of the Hotel at the Grand Rapids Dam on the Wabash River.
• Russo, Gus (2002). The Outfit: The Role of Chicago's Underworld in the Shaping of Modern America. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 1-58234-279-2.
• Tereba, Tere (2012). Mickey Cohen : the life and crimes of L.A.'s notorious mobster. Toronto, Ont.: ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-4596-5049-7. OCLC 1016454937.

External links

• "The Chicago Syndicate". thechicagosyndicate.com. (Mob news archive)
• "The FBI". fbi.gov. (Historical archives)