List of battles of the Mexican–American War
The battles of the Mexican–American War include all major engagements and most reported skirmishes, including Thornton's Defeat, the Battle of Palo Alto, and the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, which took place prior to the official start of hostilities.
Background
[edit]The Mexican–American War lasted from 1846 until 1848. It grew out of unresolved border disputes between the Republic of Texas and Mexico after the United States annexed Texas nine years after the Texas Revolution. It ended in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in which Mexico was forced to sell a vast tract of land that amounted to almost half its national territory to the United States.
List of battles
[edit]- Key
- (A) – American Victory
- (M) – Mexican Victory
- (I) – Inconclusive
1846
[edit]| Battle | Date | Engagement remarks | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thornton Affair | April 25/26 | Skirmishing in the disputed borderlands of South Texas. | (M) |
| Siege of Fort Texas | May 3–9 | American forces withstand Mexican Army attacks. | (A) |
| Battle of Palo Alto | May 8 | Mexican Army under Mariano Arista in the disputed land between the Rio Grande (Río Bravo) and the Nueces River engage an American army attempting to lift the aforementioned Siege of Fort Texas. | (A) |
| Battle of Resaca de la Palma | May 9 | Arista is defeated by Zachary Taylor. | (A) |
| Occupation of Matamoros | May 18 | U.S. troops occupy Matamoros, Tamaulipas, with no resistance. More than 300 sick and wounded Mexicans were captured in the hospitals. Also abandoned were 5 spiked guns. | (A) |
| Battle of Monterey[1] | July 7 | U.S. Navy occupies Monterey, California. | (A) |
| Battle of Yerba Buena | July 10 | U.S. Navy occupies Yerba Buena (present-day San Francisco, California). | (A) |
| Occupation of Camargo, Tamaulipas. | July 14 | — | (A) |
| Capture of Santa Fe | August 18 | Kearny occupies Santa Fe, New Mexico. | (A) |
| Battle of Monterrey[1] | September 21–23 | Zachary Taylor forces Pedro de Ampudia to surrender Monterrey. | (A) |
| Siege of Los Angeles | September 22–30 | Led by Gen José María Flores, Californios and Mexicans retake Los Angeles. | (M) |
| Battle of Chino | September 26–27 | Californios defeat and capture 24 Americans, led by Benjamin D. Wilson, who were hiding in an adobe house in Rancho Santa Ana del Chino, near present-day Chino, California. | (M) |
| Battle of Dominguez Rancho | October 7 | Californios, led by José Antonio Carrillo, defeated 203 U.S. Marines led by Navy Captain William Mervine. | (M) |
| First Battle of Tabasco | October 24–26 | Commodore Matthew C. Perry is defeated in San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, by Juan Bautista Traconis. | (M) |
| Occupation of Tampico, Tamaulipas | November 14 | Occupation by the U.S. Navy. | (A) |
| Occupation of Saltillo, Coahuila | November 16 | Occupation by the U.S. Army. | (A) |
| Battle of Natividad | November 16 | Rancho La Natividad located in the Salinas Valley of California. | (A) |
| Battle of San Pasqual | December 6 | Both sides claim victory,[2] Californios departed the battlefield after inflicting heavy losses | (–) |
| Capture of Tucson (1846) | December 16 | The Mormon Battalion captures Tucson, Sonora, and occupies it for a day or two. | (A) |
| Battle of El Brazito or Bracito | December 25 | Also called the "Battle of Temascalitos" in Spanish. Mexican forces attack El Brazito or Bracito, New Mexico. U.S. forces were led by Colonel Alexander William Doniphan. | (A) |
1847
[edit]| Battle | Date | Engagement remarks | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Battle of Santa Clara | January 2 | Fought in 2 1/2 miles west of Mission Santa Clara de Asís, California. | (A) |
| Battle of Rio San Gabriel | January 8 | Part of a series of battles for control of Los Angeles. | (A) |
| Battle of La Mesa | January 9 | Last conflict before U.S. forces enters Los Angeles. | (A) |
| Battle of Cañada | January 24 | Sterling Price defeats insurgents in New Mexico. | (A) |
| First Battle of Mora | January 24 | A failed attack by American Forces on Mora, New Mexico, led by Israel Hendley on January 24. | (M) |
| Battle of Embudo Pass | January 29 | Last insurgent stands before the Siege of Pueblo de Taos. | (A) |
| Second Battle of Mora | February 1 | On February 1, another American expedition armed with howitzers succeeded in razing the village of Mora in New Mexico. | (A) |
| Siege of Pueblo de Taos | February 3/4 | Rancheros and Mexican Militia surrender to U.S. forces thus ending the Taos Revolt. | (A) |
| Battle of Buena Vista | February 22/23 | Zachary Taylor fights Antonio López de Santa Anna south of Saltillo in one of the largest battles of the war. | (A) |
| Battle of the Sacramento | February 28 | Doniphan defeats a larger Mexican army at the Sacramento River Pass before the capture of Chihuahua. | (A) |
| Siege of Veracruz | March 9–29 | Beginning with Marine landings, U.S. forces besiege and gradually encircle Mexican Marines and Coast Guard in a vicious twenty-day siege. | (A) |
| Battle of Cerro Gordo | April 18 | Dubbed by the U.S. the "Thermopylae of the West." | (A) |
| First Battle of Tuxpan | April 18 | Commodore Matthew C. Perry seizes the port city of Tuxpan on the Gulf coast. | (A) |
| Capture of Perote | April 22 | Perote Castle, considered the strongest fortress in Mexico after Veracruz, surrendered without resistance to General William J. Worth, following the battle of Cerro Gordo. 54 Guns and mortars, and 500 muskets were captured.
Annual Reports 1894, War Department trophy guns list 4- 17 inch mortars. |
|
| Battle of Red River Canyon | May 26 | New Mexican insurgents fight a skirmish with United States troops. | (A) |
| Second Battle of Tuxpan | June | Perry's Mosquito Fleet engages Mexicans at Tuxpan for a second time. | (A) |
| Third Battle of Tuxpan | June 30 | Perry's Mosquito Fleet engages Mexicans for the third time. | (A) |
| Second Battle of Tabasco | June 16 | Commodore Matthew C. Perry captures Villahermosa, Tabasco, the last port city on the Mexican Gulf Coast. | (A) |
| Battle of Las Vegas | July 6 | New Mexican insurgents and the United States soldiers fight at Las Vegas, New Mexico. | (A) |
| Battle of Cienega Creek | July 9 | New Mexicans and United States forces clash near Taos, New Mexico. | (A) |
| Battle of Contreras (also known as Battle of Padierna) | August 19 | Santa Anna fails to support the Mexican line at a critical moment; turns victory into a rout. | (A) |
| Battle of Churubusco | August 20 | Regular Mexican troops and Saint Patrick's Battalion under Manuel Rincón hold a fortified monastery against Winfield Scott; just over half of the San Patricios are killed or captured, the rest retreat with the rest of the Mexican forces in the area. | (A) |
| Battle of Molino del Rey | September 8[3] | U.S. forces lose nearly 800 men in an attempt to take a suspected cannon foundry: "They fell in platoons and companies." | (A) |
| Battle of Chapultepec | September 13 | Scott assaults Chapultepec Castle. Los Niños Héroes pass into legend. Some captured San Patricio's members were executed after the U.S. raised its flag over the castle. | (A) |
| Battle for Mexico City | September 13/14 | Fierce fighting for Mexico City. | (A) |
| Siege of Puebla | September 14 | Mexican Light Corps forces under General Joaquín Rea begin the siege of Puebla. | (A) |
| Fall of Mexico City | September 15 | U.S. forces enter Mexico City. | (A) |
| Battle of Mulegé | October 2 | Mexican forces led by Captain Manuel Pineda defeated a small detachment of U.S. forces at Mulegé, Baja California Sur. | (M) |
| Battle of Huamantla | October 9 | A relief force under the command of General Joseph Lane marching to relieve Puebla defeated the Mexican reinforcements moving to Puebla under the command of General Santa Anna. | (A) |
| Siege of Puebla | October 12 | General Lane's U.S. relief column reaches Puebla, Siege of Puebla lifted. Skirmishes with Light Corps skirmishers and snipers as Lane's forces entered the city. | (A) |
| Action of Atlixco | October 19 | Also known as the "Atlixco Affair", fought at Atlixco between Mexican Light Corps forces under Gen. Rea and U.S. forces under Gen. Joseph Lane. | (A) |
| Bombardment of Guaymas | October 19/20 | Threat of bombardment of the fort and city of Guaymas, Sonora, by the 2 ships of Captain Elie A. F. La Vallette led to the secret evacuation of the Mexican garrison and artillery on the night of 19 November by Col. Antonio Campuzano. Following the morning bombardment of the fort and city, La Vallette landed to take possession, to find the city abandoned by its defenders and most of its population. | (A) |
| Bombardment of Punta Sombrero | October 31 | United States Navy schooner Libertad silences Mexican shore batteries at Punta Sombrero, defending the anchorage of Mulege, Baja California Sur, on the Gulf of California. | (A) |
| Occupation of Mazatlán | November 11 | With the guns of a U.S. Squadron under Commodore William Branford Shubrick trained on the city, a landing force of 730 marines, sailors, and guns summoned Mazatlán to surrender, its garrison evacuated the previous night, the city capitulated and was occupied and held to the end of the war. | (A) |
| Battle of La Paz | November 16/17 | Mexicans under Manuel Pineda were defeated in an attack on the American garrison at La Paz, Baja California Sur | (A) |
| Affair at Guaymas | November 17 | An attempt to reoccupy Guaymas, Sonora, by Col. Antonio Campuzano was repulsed by a landing party of sailors and marines under Lieutenant W. T. Smith, supported by the guns of the USS Dale. | (A) |
| Skirmishes of Palos Prietos and Urias | November 19/20 | A U.S. force from Mazatlán, attempting to link up with a naval landing force to break up the close blockade of Mazatlán fought a skirmish at Palos Prietos. The Naval landing force from Mazatlán linked up with the land force after a hard-fought skirmish with Mexican marines at Urias, to break up the close blockade of Mazatlán. | (A) |
| Battle of San José del Cabo | November 20/21 | Mexicans under José Antonio Mijares defeated by U.S. forces at San José del Cabo | (A) |
| Skirmish at Matamoros | November 23 | American force under Gen. Lane surprised and defeated the Mexican garrison at Izúcar de Matamoros, capturing or destroying the materiel at the depot of Gen. Rea's Light Corps that was in the town. | (A) |
| Affair at Galaxara Pass | November 24 | Mexican Light Corps cavalry under Gen. Rea was defeated after they blocked the withdrawal to Puebla of the U.S. forces under Gen. Lane at Galaxara Pass, after their successful attack on Izúcar de Matamoros. | (A) |
| Siege of La Paz | November 27/December 8 | A second Mexican attack by Manuel Pineda on La Paz, Baja California Sur, ending in a U.S. victory. | (A) |
| Action of San Sebastián | December 13 | U.S. Naval landing force making a night march from Mazatlán surprised and routed an entrenched post of Mexican cavalry at San Sebastián, breaking the blockade of Mazatlan. | (A) |
1848
[edit]| Battle | Date | Engagement remarks | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Capture of San Blas | January 11 | An unopposed landing party under Lieutenant Frederick Chatard, captured the coastal fort and brought off two pieces of artillery and two schooners, one belonging to the custom-house. With no force sufficient to defend it and the port made defenseless, no American occupation of the city took place. | (A) |
| Landing at Manzanillo | January 18 | Lieutenant Chatard landed a small party at Manzanillo, Colima, and spiked three large guns defending the port, rendering it defenseless. | (A) |
| Siege of San José del Cabo | January 22/February 14 | A Mexican siege of San José del Cabo that failed when the garrison with a U.S. Navy landing force attacked together to break it up. | (A) |
| Skirmish at Cochori | January 30 | Fabius Stanley's surprise descent on the camp at the village of Cochori held by Mexican forces blockading Guaymas. | (A) |
| Skirmish at Bocachicacampo | February 13 | Fabius Stanley's surprise night naval landing and assault against Campuzano's main camp blockading Guaymas, at Bocachicacampo. | (A) |
| Action of Sequalteplan | February 25 | An American force under Gen. Lane defeated a Mexican guerrilla force under Padre Jarauta at Zacualtipan | (A) |
| Truce of March 6, 1848 | March 6 | Truce ordered the official end of hostilities between Mexico and the United States, awaiting the ratification of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. From January to August Mexican partisans continued to resist the U.S. Army of Occupation. Formal fighting, however, had ceased by the terms of the truce on March 6, 1848. This truce also ended attacks by guerrilla units under the control of the government. Rebellious guerrilla units continued until the end of the American occupation in July or, like that of Padre Jaruta, until crushed by the Mexican Army, as it was obligated to do under terms of the truce.[4] | (-) |
| Battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales | March 16 | Sterling Price advances into Chihuahua after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed. He captured Chihuahua after being told by the Mexican Governor Angel Trias that the Truce of March 6 was already signed. Price followed the Mexican garrison that fell back to Santa Cruz de Rosales and defeated it, before getting word from his chain of command of the cessation of hostilities. | (A) |
| Skirmish of Todos Santos | March 31 | The culminating clash of Lt. Col. Henry S. Burton's campaign that defeated Mexican forces in Baja California Sur and subsequently dispersed them, after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and the truce of March 6, was already signed. | (A) |
See also
[edit]- James Polk
- Mexican–American War campaigns
- List of United States military and volunteer units in the Mexican–American War
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b It is a common misconception to confuse "Monterrey, Nuevo León" with "Monterey, California". These are, in fact, two very different battles.
- ^ John Wilson. "The Shooting of James King". Stanford University School of Medicine and the Predecessor Schools: An Historical Perspective. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
Although the Californians retreated and the Americans remained in possession of the battlefield, their victory was a pyrrhic one for their attack was ill-conceived and many American lives were recklessly and needlessly sacrificed.
John C. Pinheiro (1 January 2007). Manifest Ambition: James K. Polk and Civil-military Relations During the Mexican War. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-275-98409-0. - ^ Throughout September, reports of guerrilla attacks on U.S. army hospitals, supply columns, and camps reached epidemic proportions.
- ^ The Occupation of Mexico - May 1846-July 1848 Archived 2010-04-13 at the Wayback Machine, p.39
- Combined official Mexican losses and the US estimates Northern Campaign (Palo Alto-Buena Vista): c. 1,031 Mexican killed. Valley Campaign (Cerro Gordo-Mexico City): c. 2,854 Mexican were killed. Or, c. 3,885 not including later died of wounds, died from disease, or the losses in the West.
- The Mexican Cavalry Division (Army of the South) escaped the Valley Campaign largely intact (4,000 evacuated Mexico City). Of some 16,000 Infantry of the Armies of the East & North, only 5,000 evacuated Mexico City.
- Combined official Mexican losses and the US estimates Northern Campaign (Palo Alto-Buena Vista): c. 1,031 Mexican killed. Valley Campaign (Cerro Gordo-Mexico City): c. 2,854 Mexican were killed. Or, c. 3,885 not including later died of wounds, died from disease, or the losses in the West.
References
[edit]- Bauer, K. Jack (1974). The Mexican War, 1846–1848. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-8032-6107-1.
- Brooks, N.C. Complete History Of The Mexican War: Grigg, Elliot & Co.Philadelphia 1849
- Listing of 1846–1848 US Army Casualties
- Ramsey, Albert C. The Other Side or Notes For The History of The War Between Mexico And The United States John Wiley New York 1850
- The Occupation of New Mexico (Battle of Cañoncito)
External links
[edit]- A Continent Divided: The U.S. - Mexico War, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington