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List of presidents of Venezuela

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Under the Venezuelan Constitution, the president of Venezuela is the head of state and head of government of Venezuela. As chief of the executive branch and face of the government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the country by influence and recognition. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela. The president is directly elected through a popular vote to a six-year term. Since the 2009 constitutional referendum, any person can be elected to the office an indefinite number of times. Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent president, the vice president assumes the office. The president must be at least 30 years of age, and has to be a "natural born" citizen of Venezuela, and cannot possess any other citizenship.

This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the establishment of the independent State of Venezuela, which took place on January 13, 1830. There have been 46 people sworn into office, and 64 presidencies, as several politicians (most prominently between 1830 and 1953) have held the office more than once. José Antonio Páez, the first president, was inaugurated in 1830. Antonio Guzmán Blanco served during the most terms, with three. Juan Vicente Gómez has served during the longest (although interrupted by interim presidencies), with over 27 years. Rómulo Betancourt served from 1959 until 1964.[1] Hugo Chávez served the longest uninterrupted period in office with 11 consecutive years, from his restoration to power in April 2002 until his death in March 2013.

The presidency was disputed between Juan Guaidó and Nicolás Maduro from January 2019 to 2023 during the Venezuelan presidential crisis. Maduro was elected to his first term in 2013 but received backlash from opposing Venezuelans and some members of the international community especially the United States. Maduro was accused of authoritarian rule and fraud in the elections that were held on 20 May 2018. Guaidó, the president of the National Assembly of Venezuela, took the oath of office as interim president on 23 January 2019, citing Article 233 of the Constitution of Venezuela to "cease the usurpation, hold a transitional government, and call for new elections". The office remained disputed until December 2022 when opposition parties voted to dissolve the Guaidó government effective as of 5 January 2023.[2]

History

[edit]

The presidential designation encompasses only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Venezuela following Venezuela's declaration of independence from Spanish colonial rule, which took effect on July 5, 1811. The first president, taking office on July 5, 1811, was actually the president of a triumvirate of the first established Republic of Venezuela that rotated the presidency weekly. The person serving as president during the week of July 5 was one of the signatories of the Declaration of Independence: Cristóbal Mendoza. Mendoza shared the triumvirate with Juan Escalona and Baltasar Padrón. A second triumvirate followed on April 3, 1812, whose members were Francisco Espejo, Fernando Rodríguez del Toro [es] and Francisco Javier Ustariz.[3][4]

Owing to the profound confusion of the Venezuelan War of Independence and the period of Gran Colombia over what is now Venezuela, this page has gaps between 1813 and 1819. For this period in time, historians refer to the Republic of Venezuela as the Second Republic of Venezuela (1813–1814) and the Third Republic of Venezuela (1817–1819) as Simon Bolivar twice reestablished the republic. The Congress of Angostura appointed Simón Bolívar "Supreme Commander of the Republic of Venezuela" (Jefe Supremo de la República de Venezuela) from 1819 until 1830.

In 1830, José Antonio Páez declared Venezuela independent from Gran Colombia and became president, taking office on January 13, 1830. Although he was not the first president of Venezuela (having in mind Cristóbal Mendoza in 1811), he was the first head of state of independent Venezuela, after the dissolution of Gran Colombia.

Affiliation keys

[edit]
Abbreviation Party name (English) Party name (Spanish) Years
PC Conservative Party Partido Conservador 1830-1851, 1890-1892
PL Liberal Party Gran Partido Liberal de Venezuela 1851-1858, 1859-1861, 1868-1869, 1870-1887, 1888-1890, 1892, 1898-1899
Military National Armed Forces of the Republic of Venezuela Fuerza Armada Nacional de la República de Venezuela 1858-1859, 1861-1868, 1869-1870, 1892-1898, 1899-1913, 1922-1929, 1931-1935, 1948-1950, 1952-1958
— Independent politician Político independiente 1859, 1868, 1887-1888, 1913-1922, 1929-1931, 1935-1941, 1950-1952, 1958-1959
PDV Venezuelan Democratic Party Partido Democrático Venezolano 1941–1945
AD Democratic Action Acción Democrática 1945-1948, 1959-1969, 1974-1979, 1984-1994
COPEI COPEI Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente 1969-1974, 1979-1984
National Convergence National Convergence Convergencia Nacional 1994-1999
MVR-PSUV Fifth Republic Movement–United Socialist Party Movimiento Quinta República-Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela 1999-present

Presidents of Venezuela since independence (1830–present)

[edit]

The list below includes interim "caretaker" as well as regular serving presidents, and democratically installed presidents as well as those installed by other means (e.g.; Marcos Pérez Jiménez).[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

State of Venezuela (1830–1864)

[edit]
President of the State of Venezuela
  Conservative Party (7)

  Liberal Party (3)   Independent (1)   Military government (3)

No.
[note 1] 		Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Took office Left office Time in office Political party
1 José Antonio Páez
(1790–1873) 		1831 13 January 1830 20 January 1835 5 years, 7 days Conservative Party
2 Andrés Narvarte
(1781–1853) 		— 20 January 1835 9 February 1835 20 days Conservative Party
3 José María Vargas
(1786–1854) 		1835 9 February 1835 9 July 1835 150 days Conservative Party
4 José María Carreño
(1792–1849) 		— 27 July 1835 20 August 1835 24 days Conservative Party
(3) José María Vargas
(1786–1854) 		— 20 August 1835 24 April 1836 248 days Conservative Party
(2) Andrés Narvarte
(1781–1853) 		— 24 April 1836 20 January 1837 271 days Conservative Party
(4) José María Carreño
(1792–1849) 		— 27 January 1837 11 March 1837 43 days Conservative Party
5 Carlos Soublette
(1789–1870) 		— 11 March 1837 1 February 1839 1 year, 327 days Conservative Party
(1) José Antonio Páez
(1790–1873) 		1839 1 February 1839 28 January 1843 3 years, 361 days Conservative Party
(5) Carlos Soublette
(1789–1870) 		1843 28 January 1843 20 January 1847 3 years, 357 days Conservative Party
6 José Tadeo Monagas
(1784–1868) 		1847 20 January 1847 5 February 1851 4 years, 16 days Conservative Party
7 José Gregorio Monagas
(1795–1858) 		1851 5 February 1851 20 January 1855 3 years, 349 days Liberal Party
(6) José Tadeo Monagas
(1784–1868) 		1855 20 January 1855 15 March 1858 3 years, 54 days Liberal Party
8 Pedro Gual
(1783–1862) 		— 15 March 1858 18 March 1858 2 days Liberal Party
9 Julián Castro
(1810–1875) 		— 18 March 1858 2 August 1859 1 year, 137 days Military
(8) Pedro Gual
(1783–1862) 		— 2 August 1859 29 September 1859 58 days Independent
10 Manuel Felipe de Tovar
(1803–1866) 		1860 29 September 1859 20 May 1861 1 year, 233 days Liberal Party
(8) Pedro Gual
(1783–1862) 		— 20 May 1861 29 August 1861 101 days Liberal Party
(1) José Antonio Páez
(1790–1873) 		— 29 August 1861 15 June 1863 1 year, 290 days Military
11 Juan Crisóstomo Falcón
(1820–1870) 		1864 15 June 1863 25 April 1868 4 years, 315 days Military

United States of Venezuela (1864–1953)

[edit]
President of the United States of Venezuela
  Democratic Action (3)   Conservative Party (1)

  Liberal Party (8)   Independent (6)   Military government (6)

No.
[note 1] 		Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Took office Left office Time in office Political party
(11) Juan Crisóstomo Falcón
(1820–1870) 		— 15 June 1863 25 April 1868 4 years, 315 days Military
12 Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual
(1832–1868) 		— 25 April 1868 28 June 1868 64 days Independent
13 Guillermo Tell Villegas
(1823–1907) 		— 28 June 1868 20 February 1869 237 days Liberal Party
14 José Ruperto Monagas
(1831–1880) 		— 20 February 1869 16 April 1870 1 year, 55 days Military
(13) Guillermo Tell Villegas
(1823–1907) 		— 16 April 1870 27 April 1870 11 days Liberal Party
15 Antonio Guzmán
(1829–1899) 		1873 27 April 1870 27 February 1877 6 years, 306 days Liberal Party
16 Francisco Linares
(1825–1878) 		1877 27 February 1877 30 November 1878[note 2] 1 year, 276 days Liberal Party
17 José Gregorio Valera
(1826–1896) 		— 30 November 1878 26 February 1879 88 days Liberal Party
(15) Antonio Guzmán
(1829–1899) 		1882 26 February 1879 26 April 1884 5 years, 60 days Liberal Party
18 Joaquín Crespo
(1830–1898) 		— 26 April 1884 15 September 1886 2 years, 142 days Liberal Party
(15) Antonio Guzmán
(1829–1899) 		— 15 September 1886 8 August 1887 327 days Liberal Party
19 Hermógenes López
(1830–1898) 		— 8 August 1887 2 July 1888 329 days Independent
20 Juan Pablo Rojas
(1826–1905) 		1888 2 July 1888 19 March 1890 1 year, 260 days Liberal Party
21 Raimundo Andueza
(1846–1900) 		1890 19 March 1890 17 June 1892 2 years, 90 days Conservative Party
(13) Guillermo Tell Villegas
(1823–1907) 		— 17 June 1892 31 August 1892 75 days Liberal Party
22 Guillermo Tell Villegas
(1854–1949) 		— 31 August 1892 7 October 1892 37 days Liberal Party
(18) Joaquín Crespo
(1841–1898) 		1894 7 October 1892 28 February 1898 5 years, 144 days Military
23 Ignacio Andrade
(1839–1925) 		1898 28 February 1898 20 October 1899 1 year, 234 days Liberal Party
24 Cipriano Castro
(1858–1924) 		— 20 October 1899 19 December 1908 9 years, 60 days Military
25 Juan Vicente Gómez
(1857–1935) 		1908 19 December 1908 5 August 1913 4 years, 229 days Military
26 José Gil
(1861–1943) 		— 5 August 1913 19 April 1914 257 days Independent
27 Victorino Márquez
(1858–1941) 		1914 19 April 1914 24 June 1922 8 years, 66 days Independent
(25) Juan Vicente Gómez
(1857–1935) 		1922 24 June 1922 30 May 1929 6 years, 340 days Military
28 Juan Bautista Pérez
(1869–1952) 		1929 30 May 1929 13 June 1931 2 years, 14 days Independent
(25) Juan Vicente Gómez
(1857–1935) 		1931 13 June 1931 17 December 1935[note 2] 4 years, 187 days Military
29 Eleazar López
(1883–1973) 		1936 18 December 1935 5 May 1941 5 years, 138 days Independent
30 Isaías Medina
(1897–1953) 		1941 5 May 1941 18 October 1945 4 years, 166 days Democratic Party
31 Rómulo Betancourt
(1908–1981) 		— 18 October 1945 17 February 1948 2 years, 122 days Democratic Action
32 Rómulo Gallegos
(1884–1969) 		1947 17 February 1948 24 November 1948 281 days Democratic Action
33 Carlos Delgado
(1909–1950) 		— 24 November 1948 13 November 1950[note 2] 1 year, 354 days Military
34 Germán Suárez
(1907–1990) 		— 27 November 1950 2 December 1952 2 years, 5 days Independent

Republic of Venezuela (1953–1999)

[edit]

Venezuela took the name of Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República de Venezuela) with the adoption of the 1953 constitution, written by the Constituent Assembly elected in November 1952. The Presidents of Venezuela under this constitution (as well as the 1961 Constitution, which kept the name) were officially styled as President of the Republic of Venezuela.

This period of the history of Venezuela began with the dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez.[13][14] After a short period of political instability following Pérez Jiménez's exile in 1958, democracy was restored in the country with the election of Democratic Action leader Rómulo Betancourt as president in 1959. This marked the beginning of the democratic period, started with the Puntofijo Pact and which was characterized by the prevalence of the bipartidism of the two main political parties in the country at the time, Democratic Action and Copei.

The second presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez (1989–93) saw a deep economic crisis, a series of major riots known as the Caracazo in 1989, in which hundreds were killed by security forces, two coup attempts in 1992, and the 1993 impeachment of Pérez. That same year, Rafael Caldera became the first President of Venezuela not to belong to either Democratic Action or Copei in over forty years, having been elected under the banner of National Convergence. The bipartidism ended in 2000 when a new constitution entered in force.

President of the Republic of Venezuela
  Democratic Action (5)

  Copei (2)   National Convergence (1)   Independent (1)   Military government (1)

No.
[note 1] 		Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Took office Left office Time in office Political party
35 Marcos Pérez
(1914–2001) 		1952 2 December 1952 23 January 1958 5 years, 52 days Military
36 Wolfgang Larrazábal
(1911–2003) 		— 23 January 1958 14 November 1958[note 3] 295 days Independent
37 Edgar Sanabria
(1911–1989) 		— 14 November 1958 13 February 1959[note 3] 91 days Independent
(31) Rómulo Betancourt
(1908–1981) 		1958 13 February 1959 11 March 1964 5 years, 27 days Democratic Action
38 Raúl Leoni
(1905–1972) 		1963 11 March 1964 11 March 1969 5 years Democratic Action
39 Rafael Caldera
(1916–2009) 		1968 11 March 1969 12 March 1974 5 years, 1 day Copei
40 Carlos Andrés Pérez
(1922–2010) 		1973 12 March 1974 12 March 1979 5 years Democratic Action
41 Luis Herrera
(1925–2007) 		1978 12 March 1979 2 February 1984 4 years, 327 days Copei
42 Jaime Lusinchi
(1924–2014) 		1983 2 February 1984 2 February 1989 5 years Democratic Action
(40) Carlos Andrés Pérez
(1922–2010) 		1988 2 February 1989 21 May 1993[note 4] 4 years, 108 days Democratic Action
43 Octavio Lepage
(1923–2017) 		— 21 May 1993 5 June 1993 15 days Democratic Action
44 Ramón J. Velásquez
(1916–2014) 		— 5 June 1993 2 February 1994 242 days Democratic Action
(39) Rafael Caldera
(1916–2009) 		1993 2 February 1994 2 February 1999 5 years National Convergence

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (1999–present)

[edit]
Main article: History of Venezuela (1999–present)
See also: Venezuelan presidential crisis

Venezuela became the "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela) with the adoption of the 1999 constitution, which renamed the country in honor of Simón Bolívar. The new constitution was promulgated by President Hugo Chávez, who served de jure from 1999 until his death in 2013. The new constitution augmented the presidential term from five years to six years.

Chávez's presidency was interrupted shortly in 2002 following a failed coup d'état attempt that put Pedro Carmona in office for a day. After government-loyal forces ousted Carmona from Miraflores, Vice President Diosdado Cabello assumed executive control for a couple of hours until Chávez could be restored. In 2009, a constitutional referendum approved the elimination of term limits, which allowed Chávez to be re-elected again in 2012. However, Chávez died in March 2013, only three months into his fourth term, and was succeeded by his Vice President Nicolás Maduro, who was elected the following month to finish Chávez's term, enforcing the majority of Chávez's economic policies.

Under Maduro, Venezuela has seen a rise in unemployment, shortages of goods, closures of several corporations, and the deterioration of productivity. Maduro – who has seen a sharp decline in his approval ratings in correlation to the economic collapse, and was the subject of a 2016 recall referendum to remove him from office that was later suspended[15] – has been criticized for what opponents consider to be him backsliding the country towards a full-fledged authoritarian regime; this led to an ongoing constitutional crisis stemming from a March 2017 ruling by the Supreme Tribunal of Justice (whose members largely consist of Maduro supporters) that removed immunity for National Assembly members (including those opposing Maduro),[16] which subsequently made a brief assumption of legislative powers from the Assembly,[17][18] and the Constituent Assembly election, which resulted in the formation of a Constituent Assembly intended to rewrite the 1999 constitution. These actions have worsened tensions and sparked violence during protests against the Maduro administration over concerns that Maduro would eliminate or significantly erode the independence of Venezuela's democratic institutions and shift the country towards one-man rule.

The process and results of the May 2018 Venezuelan presidential election were widely disputed.[19][20] The opposition-majority National Assembly declared Maduro a "usurper" of the presidency on the day of his second inauguration and disclosed a plan to set forth its president, Juan Guaidó as the succeeding acting President of the country under article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution.[20][21] A week later, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice declared that the presidency of the National Assembly was the "usurper" of authority and declared the body to be unconstitutional.[20]

Minutes after Maduro took the oath as President of Venezuela, the Organization of American States (OAS) approved a resolution in a special session of its Permanent Council declaring Maduro's presidency illegitimate and urging new elections.[22] Special meetings of the OAS on 24 January and in the United Nations Security Council on 26 January were held but no consensus was reached. Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres called for dialogue.[23] During the 49th General Assembly of the Organization of American States, on 27 June, Guaidó's presidency was recognized by the organization.[24]

Guaidó was declared acting president and swore himself in on 23 January.[25] Maduro's government has accused the United States of organizing a coup d'état to remove him and take control of the country's oil reserves.[26] Guaidó rejects the characterization of his actions as a coup, saying that his movement is backed by peaceful volunteers.[27] As of June 2019, Guaidó has been recognized as the acting President of Venezuela by 54 countries.[28] Internationally, support has followed traditional geopolitical lines, with allies China, Cuba, Iran, Russia, Syria, and Turkey supporting Maduro; and the US, Canada, and most of Western Europe supporting Guaidó as acting president.[29] The United Nations has continued to recognize the Maduro presidency as the legal representative of Venezuela as of December 2019.[30][31]

On 22 December 2022, the Venezuelan opposition held an initial vote to remove Guaidó's interim government from its leadership and on 30 December 2022, three of the four main opposition political parties (Justice First, Democratic Action and A New Era) approved a reform to dissolve the interim government and instead create a commission of five members to manage foreign assets,[2][32] stating the failure of the interim government to achieve the goals it had set.[33] The amendment was voted by the opposition as deputies sought a united strategy ahead of the presidential elections scheduled for 2024 with the reform approved with 72 votes in favor, 29 against and 8 abstentions,[34] this dissolving the Guaidó government effective as of 5 January 2023.

President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
  Fifth Republic Movement–United Socialist Party (2)
No.
[note 1] 		Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Elected Took office Left office Time in office Political party
45 Hugo Chávez
(1954–2013) 		1998
2000 		2 February 1999 5 March 2013 14 years, 31 days Fifth Republic Movement
(until October 2007)
2006
2012 		United Socialist Party
2013
2018
2024
46 Nicolás Maduro
(born 1962) 		5 March 2013 Incumbent[note 5] 11 years, 239 days United Socialist Party

Timeline

[edit]
Juan GuaidóNicolás MaduroHugo ChávezRamón José VelásquezOctavio LepageJaime LusinchiLuis Herrera CampinsCarlos Andrés PérezRafael CalderaRaúl LeoniEdgar SanabriaWolfgang LarrazábalMarcos Pérez JiménezGermán Suárez FlamerichCarlos Delgado ChalbaudRómulo GallegosRómulo BetancourtIsaías Medina AngaritaEleazar López ContrerasJuan Bautista PérezVictorino Márquez BustillosJosé Gil FortoulJuan Vicente GómezCipriano CastroIgnacio AndradeGuillermo Tell Villegas PulidoRaimundo Andueza PalacioJuan Pablo Rojas PaúlHermógenes LópezJoaquín CrespoJosé Gregorio ValeraFrancisco Linares AlcántaraAntonio Guzmán BlancoJosé Ruperto MonagasGuillermo Tell VillegasManuel Ezequiel BruzualJuan Crisóstomo FalcónManuel Felipe de TovarJulián Castro (Venezuelan president)Pedro Gual EscandónJosé Gregorio MonagasJosé Tadeo MonagasCarlos SoubletteJosé María CarreñoJosé María VargasAndrés NarvarteJosé Antonio Páez

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d For the purposes of numbering, a presidency is defined as an uninterrupted period of time in office served by one person. For example, Carlos Soublette was both the 8th and 10th President because the two periods where he was president were not consecutive. A period during which a vice-president temporarily becomes acting president under the Constitution is not a presidency, because the president remains in office during such a period.
  2. ^ a b c Died in office.
  3. ^ a b Larrazábal resigned early to challenge Rómulo Betancourt at the 1958 election, leaving Edgar Sanabria as acting president until the end of his term, on 13 February 1959.
  4. ^ Octavio Lepage, then President of Congress, served as acting president from 21 May 1993 and until 5 June 1993, when Ramón José Velásquez was formally selected to succeed Perez as president.
  5. ^ Disputed from 23 January 2019 to 5 January 2023 between Nicolás Maduro and Juan Guaidó.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ fundaromulobetancourt.org
  2. ^ a b Armas, Mayela (31 December 2022). "Venezuela opposition removes interim President Guaido". Reuters. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  3. ^ (in Spanish) "Presidentes de Venezuela". Consulado General de Bucaramanga. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  4. ^ Briceño Perozo, Mario. "Mendoza, Cristóbal de"lar, 1899. ISBN 978-980-6397-37-8.
  5. ^ CALDERA, Rafael. «De Carabobo a Puntofijo: los Causahabientes». Editorial Libros Marcados. Quinta Edición. 2008.
  6. ^ FERNANDEZ, Alfredo. «Venezuela: sus presidentes y constituciones». Organización Gráfica Capriles. 2006. Depósito Legal lf25220069002436.
  7. ^ CAMEJO, Armando. «Historia de Venezuela: documental y crítica». Ediciones Paz Pérez. 1965.
  8. ^ FERNANDEZ PAEZ, Carmelo. «Memorias». Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. 1983.
  9. ^ GONZÁLEZ GUINAN, Francisco. «Historia Contemporánea de Venezuela TOMO XI». Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. 1954.
  10. ^ RODRIGUEZ ITURBE, José. «Iglesia y Estado en Venezuela (1824-1964)». Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Derecho. 1968.
  11. ^ SALCEDO, Bastardo. «Historia Fundamental de Venezuela». Universidad Central de Venezuela. Ediciones de Biblioteca, Segunda edición. 1972.
  12. ^ USLAR PIETRI, Arturo. «Cuéntame a Venezuela». Editorial Lisbona S.A.. 1981-82.
  13. ^ Rohter, Larry (22 September 2001). "Marcos Pérez Jiménez, 87, Venezuela Ruler". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  14. ^ Ledezma, Eurídice (21 September 2001). "Obituary: General Marcos Pérez Jiménez". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  15. ^ "Venezuela Suspends Recall Campaign Against President Maduro". Fox News. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  16. ^ "Venezuela 'coup': Alarm grows as court takes power". BBC News. 31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  17. ^ Casey, Nicholas; Torres, Patricia (30 March 2017). "Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  18. ^ "Venezuela: Supreme court backtracks on powers bid". BBC News. 1 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  19. ^ Bullock, Penn (10 January 2019). "Climate Change, U.S. Shutdown, Michael Cohen: Your Friday Briefing". The New York Times. President Nicolás Maduro was inaugurated for a second term after an election last year that was widely considered illegitimate — and despite a plummeting economy and skyrocketing violence, hunger and migration.
  20. ^ a b c "El Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de Venezuela declara "inconstitucional" a la Asamblea Nacional y anula el nombramiento de Juan Guaidó como su presidente". BBC. 21 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  21. ^ "Prensa de la AN rectifica comunicado que proclama a Juan Guaidó Presidente de la República". Efecto Cocuyo. 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  22. ^ "La OEA aprobó la resolución que declara ilegítimo al nuevo gobierno de Nicolás Maduro" [The OAS approved the resolution that declared the new government of Nicolás Maduro illegitimate]. Infobae (in Spanish). 10 January 2019.
  23. ^ "UN political chief calls for dialogue to ease tensions in Venezuela; Security Council divided over path to end crisis". UN News. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  24. ^ "México, Uruguay, Bolivia y Nicaragua respaldaron al régimen de Maduro e intentaron desplazar al enviado de Guaidó de la Asamblea de la OEA". Infobae (in Spanish). EFE. 27 June 2019. Si se convalidan las credenciales (por las del enviado de Guaidó) se reconoce un nuevo gobierno de Venezuela y Uruguay eso no lo puede aceptar
  25. ^ "National Assembly President Juan Guaido swears himself in as President of Venezuela". CNN. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  26. ^ "Canciller Arreaza advierte que objetivo de plan golpista es el petróleo venezolano" (in Spanish). Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  27. ^ Borges, Anelise (18 February 2019). "'I'm ready to die for my country's future,' Juan Guaido tells Euronews". Euronews. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  28. ^ Phillips, Tom (12 May 2019). "Guaidó says Maduro is 'sowing terror' against leaders who tried to oust him". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  29. ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (24 January 2019). "Venezuela crisis: Familiar geopolitical sides take shape". Associated Press. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  30. ^ "UN backs credentials of Maduro officials". EFE (in Spanish). 19 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  31. ^ "Report of the Credentials Committee". United Nations General Assembly. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  32. ^ Martínez, Deisy (30 December 2022). "AN de 2015 aprueba su extensión por otro año y elimina gobierno interino" [2015 NA approves its extension for one more year and eliminates interim government]. Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  33. ^ "Mayoría de la AN-2015 ratifica disolución del Gobierno interino". Tal Cual (in Spanish). 30 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022. Hemos tenido algo que pasó de ser provisional a convertirse en algo perpetuo. Y no se celebraron las elecciones, de manera que el artículo 233 perdió su razón de ser para justificar el gobierno interino.
  34. ^ Herrera, Isayen; Glatsky, Genevieve (30 December 2022). "Juan Guaidó Is Voted Out as Leader of Venezuela's Opposition". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
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