Desmostylia

Desmostylia Temporal range: Oligocene-Miocene,
Desmostylus, Royal Ontario Museum
Restoration of Paleoparadoxia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Placentalia
Order:	†Desmostylia Reinhart 1959
Families and genera
Family †Desmostylidae Osborn 1905 †Behemotops Domning, Ray & McKenna 1986 †Desmostylus Marsh 1888 †Cornwallius Hay 1923 †Kronokotherium Pronina 1957 †Ounalashkastylus Chiba, Kentaro 2016 Family †Paleoparadoxiidae Reinhart 1959 †Ashoroa Inuzuka 2000 †Paleoparadoxia Reinhart 1959 †Neoparadoxia Barnes 2013

The Desmostylia (from Greek δεσμά desma, "bundle", and στῦλος stylos, "pillar") are an extinct order of aquatic mammals native to the North Pacific from the early Oligocene (Rupelian) to the late Miocene (Tortonian) (30.8 to 7.25 million years ago). Desmostylians are the only known extinct order of marine mammals.

The Desmostylia, together with Sirenia and Proboscidea (and possibly Embrithopoda), have traditionally been assigned to the afrotherian clade Tethytheria, a group named after the paleoocean Tethys around which they originally evolved. The relationship between the Desmostylia and the other orders within the Tethytheria has been disputed; if the common ancestor of all tethytheres was semiaquatic, the Proboscidea became secondarily terrestrial; alternatively, the Desmostylia and Sirenia could have evolved independently into aquatic mammals. The assignment of Desmostylia to Afrotheria has always been problematic from a biogeographic standpoint, given that Africa was the locus of the early evolution of the Afrotheria while the Desmostylia have only been found along the Pacific Rim. That assignment has been seriously undermined by a 2014 cladistic analysis that places anthracobunids and desmostylians, two major groups of putative non-African afrotheres, close to each other within the laurasiatherian order Perissodactyla. However, a subsequent study shows that, while anthracobunids are definite perissodactyls, desmostylians share the same number of characteristics necessary for either Paenungulata or Perissodactyla, making their former assessment as afrotheres a possibility.

Description

Skeletal diagrams: (A) Ashoroa, (B) Desmostylus, (C) Behemetops, (D) Paleoparadoxia

Desmostylians were large, fully aquatic quadrupeds with massive limbs and short tails. The smallest is Ashoroa laticosta, a relatively large animal at a body length of 168 centimetres or 5 feet 6 inches, while the largest species reached sizes comparable to Steller's sea cow.

A desmostylian skull has an elongated and broadened rostrum, with the nasal opening located slightly dorsally. The zygomatic arches are prominent (behind the eyes), the paroccipital processes elongated (downward-pointing processes behind the jaw-joints), and the epitympanic sinuses open into the temporal fossae (cavities above the ear holes).

The mandible and maxilla typically have forward-pointing incisors and canine tusks, followed by a long postcanine diastema, partly because of the reduced number of premolars. The cusps of the premolars and molars are composed of densely packed cylinders of thick enamel, giving the order its name ("bundle of columns"). The primitive dental formula is 3.1.4.3, with a trilobate fourth deciduous premolar. The cheek teeth are brachydont and bunodont in primitive genera, but hypsodont in later genera such as Desmostylus, which has many supernumerary cusps.

In the postcrania, the clavicle is absent and the sternum consists of a series of heavy, paired, plate-like sternebrae. In adults, the joints between the radius and ulna prevent any movements. The metacarpals are longer than metatarsals, and each foot has four digits (digit I is vestigial).

Behaviour

Their dental and skeletal forms suggest that desmostylians were aquatic herbivores dependent on littoral habitats. Their name refers to their highly distinctive molars, in which each cusp was modified into hollow columns, so a typical molar would have resembled a cluster of pipes, or in the case of worn molars, volcanoes. (This may reflect the close relationship between the Paenungulata, to which this group has been assigned, and the Tubulidentata.)

Desmostylus did not chew or eat like any other known animal. It clenched its teeth, rooted up plants with the help of tusks and powerful neck, and then sucked them in using strong throat muscles and the shape of the roof of the mouth.

Desmostylians are believed to be aquatic because of a combination of characteristics. Their legs seemed to be adapted for terrestrial locomotion, while a number of other parameters confirms their aquatic nature:

• Fossils have been found in marine strata.
• The nares are retracted and the orbits are raised like in other aquatic mammals.
• Levels of stable isotopes in their tooth enamel suggest an aquatic diet and environment (carbon and oxygen) and fresh or brackish water (strontium).
• Their spongy bone structure is similar to that of cetaceans.

Based on a comparison of trunk and limb proportions, Gingerich 2005 concluded that desmostylians were more terrestrial than aquatic and clearly fore limb-dominated swimmers, hence they were more similar to "sea bears" than "sea sloths" (as proposed by other researchers.) However, a more recent and detailed analysis of desmostylian bone structure has revealed them to be fully aquatic, like sirenians and cetaceans, with their limbs being incapable of supporting their own weight on land. More recent studies vindicate this assessment, as desmostylians had a thoracic morphology more similar to sirenians and modern cetaceans than to that of semiaquatic mammals. Its less dense bone structure suggests that Desmostylus had a lifestyle of active swimming and possibly feeding at the surface, while other desmostylians were primarily slow swimmers and/or bottom walkers and sea grass feeders.

Habitat

A 2017 study on Desmostylus and Paleoparadoxia shows that the former preferred areas shallower than 30 m, while the latter occurred in deep, offshore waters.

Distribution

Desmostylian fossils are known from the northern Pacific Rim, from southern Japan through Russia, the Aleutian Islands, and the Pacific coast of North America to the southern tip of Baja California. They range from the Early Oligocene to the late Miocene.

Extinction

Desmostylians, being fully marine herbivores, are thought to have been outcompeted ecologically by dugongid sirenians. In particular, later species like Neoparadoxia are more specialised than previous forms, suggesting increased divergence to compete with sirenians, and sirenian diversity appears to increase with desmostylian decline. Both desmostylians and North Pacific dugongids were apparently kelp specialists, as opposed to marine herbivorous mammals from other regions, with diets primarily composed of seagrass.

Classification

Restoration of Desmostylus and Paleoparadoxia

Neoparadoxia cecilialina on display at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

Paleoparadoxia skeleton

Skull of Desmostylus

The type species Desmostylus hesperus was originally classified from a few teeth and vertebrae as a sirenian by Marsh 1888, but doubts arose a decade later when more complete fossils were discovered in Japan. Osborn 1905 also proposed that they belonged to the Sirenia. One of the most comprehensive collections of desmostylian teeth was amassed by paleontologist John C. Merriam, who concluded on the basis of the molar structure and repeated occurrence in marine beds that the animals had been aquatic, and were probably sirenian.

In 1926, the Austrian palaeontologist Othenio Abel suggested origins with monotremes, like the duck-billed platypus, and in 1933, he even created the order "Desmostyloidea", which he placed within the Multituberculata. Abel died shortly after World War II, and his classification won few supporters and has been ignored since.

Because desmostylians were originally known only from skull fragments, teeth, and bits of other bones, general agreement was that they had had flippers and a fin-like tail. The discovery of a complete skeleton from Sakhalin Island in 1941, however, showed that they possessed four legs, with bones as stout as a hippopotamus', and justified the creation of a new order for the desmostylians, described by Reinhart 1959.

A major find was announced in October 2015 after scientists examined an extensive group of giant, tusked, quadruped, marine mammal fossils. This northernmost to date species discovery had been unearthed during excavation for the construction of a school in Unalaska, in the Aleutian Islands. A rendition of a group was drawn by Alaskan artist Ray Troll.

Despite their similarities to manatees and elephants, desmostylians were entirely unlike any living creatures. Douglas Emlong's 1971 discovery of the new genus Behemotops from Oregon showed that early desmostylians had more proboscidean-like teeth and jaws than later ones. Despite this discovery, their relationships to manatees and proboscids remain unresolved. The analysis of Cooper et al. (2014) indicates the similarities with manatees and elephants may be a result of convergence and that they may instead be basal perissodactyls.

Barnes 2013 proposed a new classification of Paleoparadoxiidae:

• Order Desmostylia Reinhart, 1953
  • Family Paleoparadoxiidae Reinhart, 1959
    • Subfamily Behemotopsinae (Inuzuka, 1987)
      • Behemotops Domning, Ray, and McKenna, 1986
        • Behemotops proteus Domning, Ray, and McKenna, 1986 (including Behemotops emlongi Domning, Ray, and McKenna, 1986)
        • Behemotops katsuiei Inuzuka, 2000b
    • Subfamily Paleoparadoxiinae (Reinhart, 1959)
      • Archaeoparadoxia
        • Archaeoparadoxia weltoni (Clark, 1991)
      • Paleoparadoxia Reinhart, 1959
        • Paleoparadoxia tabatai (Tokunaga, 1939), (= Paleoparadoxia media Inuzuka, 2005)
      • Neoparadoxia Barnes 2013
        • Neoparadoxia repenningi (Domning and Barnes, 2007)
        • Neoparadoxia cecilialina Barnes 2013

Further reading

• Barnes, Lawrence G. (2013). "A New Genus of Late Miocene Paleoparadoxiid (Mammalia, Desmostylia) from California" (PDF). Contributions in Science. 521: 51–114. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
• Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E. R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S. I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S. T.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2014-10-08). "Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109232. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9232C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232. PMC 4189980. PMID 25295875.
• Domning, Daryl P.; Barnes, Lawrence G. (2007). "A new name for the 'Stanford skeleton' of Paleoparadoxia (Mammlia, Desmostylia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (3): 748–751. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[748:annfts]2.0.co;2.
• Domning, Daryl P.; Ray, Clayton Edward; McKenna, Malcolm C. (1986). "Two new Oligocene desmostylians and a discussion of Tethytherian systematics" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 59 (59): 1–56. doi:10.5479/si.00810266.59.1. OCLC 12974759. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
• Gingerich, Philip D. (2005). "Aquatic Adaptation and Swimming Mode Inferred from Skeletal Proportions in the Miocene Desmostylian Desmostylus" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 12 (1/2): 183–194. doi:10.1007/s10914-005-5719-1. hdl:2027.42/44971. S2CID 7812089. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
• Hay, O. P. (1923). "Characteristics of sundry fossil vertebrates". Pan-American Geologist. 39: 101–20. OCLC 38855496.
• Hayashi, S.; Houssaye, A.; Nakajima, Y.; Kentaro, C.; Ando, T.; Sawamura, H.; Inuzuka, N.; Kaneko, N.; Osaki, T. (2013). "Bone Inner Structure Suggests Increasing Aquatic Adaptations in Desmostylia (Mammalia, Afrotheria)". PLOS ONE. 8 (4): e59146. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...859146H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059146. OCLC 837402105. PMC 3615000. PMID 23565143.
• Inuzuka, N. (2000). "Primitive late Oligocene desmostylians from Japan and Phylogeny of the Desmostylia". Bulletin of the Ashoro Museum of Paleontology. 1: 91–123.
  • "N. Inuzuka 2000". Fossilworks.
• Marsh, O. C. (1888). "Notice of a new fossil sirenian, from California" (PDF). American Journal of Science. 25 (8): 94–96. Bibcode:1888AmJS...35...94M. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-35.205.94. OCLC 79838746. S2CID 129254943. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
• Osborn, H. F. (1905). "Ten years progress in the mammalian Palaeontology of North America". Extrait des Comptes Rendus du 6e Congres International de Zoologie. Session de Berne 1904: 86–113. OCLC 18502464.
• Pronina, I. G. (1957). "A new desmostylid, Kronokotherium brevimaxillare gen. nov., sp. nov., from the Miocene deposits of Kamchatka". C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS. 117: 310–12.
• Reinhart, Roy Herbert (1959). "A review of the Sirenia and Desmostylia". University of California Publications in Geological Sciences. 36 (1): 1–146. OCLC 3474601.
• Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Domning, Daryl P.; Tassy, Pascal (2005). "Paenungulata". In Rose, Kenneth D.; Archibald, J. David (eds.). The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801880223. OCLC 55801049. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
• Uhen, Mark D. (2007). "Evolution of Marine Mammals: Back to the Sea After 300 Million Years". Anatomical Record. 290 (6): 514–22. doi:10.1002/ar.20545. OCLC 137264359. PMID 17516441.

External links

• "Introduction to Desmostylia". University of California Museum of Paleontology. January 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2013.