Ethnarch

Ethnarch (pronounced /ˈɛθnɑːrk/, also ethnarches, Greek: ἐθνάρχης) is a term that refers generally to political leadership over a common ethnic group or homogeneous kingdom. The word is derived from the Greek words ἔθνος (ethnos, "tribe/nation") and ἄρχων (archon, "leader/ruler"). Strong's Concordance gives the definition of 'ethnarch' as "the governor (not king) of a district".^[1]

Antiquity

The title first appeared in the Hellenistic Middle East, possibly in Judea.^[2] In the First book of Maccabees the word is used three times (1 Maccabees 14:47 and 15:1-2), where Simon Thassi is referred to as the high priest and ethnarch of the Judeans.^[3]^{[note 1]}

It was used in the region even after it fell under the dominion of Rome, and into the early Roman Empire, to refer to rulers of vassal kingdoms who did not rise to the level of kings. The Romans used the terms natio and gens for a people as a genetic and cultural entity, regardless of political statehood.

The best-known is probably Herod Archelaus, son of Herod the Great, who was ethnarch of Samaria, Judea (Biblical Judah), and Idumea (Biblical Edom), from the death of his father in 4 BC to AD 6. This region is known as the Tetrarchy of Judea. His brother Philip received the north-east of the realm and was styled Tetrarch (circa 'ruler of a quarter'); and Galilee was given to Herod Antipas, who bore the same title. Consequently, Archelaus' title singled him out as the senior ruler, higher in rank than the tetrarchs and the chief of the Jewish nation; these three sovereignties were in a sense reunited under Herod Agrippa from AD 41 to 44.^[5]

Previously, Hyrcanus II, one of the later Hasmonean rulers of Judea, had also held the title of ethnarch, as well as that of High Priest.

In the New Testament the word is used only once by the Apostle Paul in his Second Epistle to the Corinthians (2 Corinthians 11:32).^[3]^{[note 2]} However the definition of the word in terms of the actual jurisdiction and public office of the ethnarch may not be accurately determined.^[3]

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantines used the term generically to refer to the rulers of barbarian tribes or realms outside the boundaries of their empire.^[6] In a Christian context, where ethnikos meant "pagan," some Church Fathers used the term ethnarches to designate pagan national gods.^[2] In the 10th century, the term acquired a more technical sense, when it was given to several high-ranking commanders. Although the specific nature of the title is not attested, it is generally accepted that in the 10th–11th centuries, it signified the commanders of the contingent of foreign mercenaries serving in the Byzantine army.^[2]

Ottoman Empire

Rather different was the case of minority community ethnarchs, especially within the Islamic Ottoman Empire that were recognized as legitimate entities (millet) and thus allowed to be heard by the government through an officially acknowledged representative, though without political persona.

When the Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II decided to give such dialogue a more formal nature, the logical choice for the major Orthodox Christian communities was the Greek Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. The non-Chalcedonian Christians (Armenians, Syriacs, and Copts) were represented by the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople. For the far smaller, but also influential Jewish diaspora, a similar position was granted to the Hakham Bashi, i.e., chief rabbi.

Modern Greece and Cyprus

In modern Greek usage, the term has the connotation of "father of the nation", and has been widely used as an epithet applied to perhaps the most influential political leader in modern Greek history: Eleftherios Venizelos.^[7]^[8] In more recent times, it has also been attributed to Konstantinos Karamanlis.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

In the context of modern Cyprus, the term nearly always refers to the nation's first president, Archbishop Makarios. Unlike Venizelos and Karamanlis, who are rarely ever called ethnarches in such uses, streets of major Greek cities are named after Makarios: Greek: Εθνάρχου Μακαρίου, lit. 'Ethnarch Makarios(' str.)'

Notes

^ "And Simon accepted and was pleased to be high priest and to be commander and ethnarch of the Judeans and priests and to protect all of them." (1 Maccabees 14:47, NETS).^[4]
^ "In Damascus the ethnarch under Aretas the king was guarding the city of the Damascenes in order to seize me," (2 Corinthians 11:32, NASB).

References and sources

References

^ STRONGS NT 1481: ἐθνάρχης. Strong's Concordance (Bible Hub). Retrieved: 18 August 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kazhdan (1991), p. 734
^ ^a ^b ^c (in Greek) Γεώργιος Γρατσέας. "Έθνάρχης." Θρησκευτική και Ηθική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια (ΘΗΕ). Τόμος 5 (Διοκλητιανός-Ζώτος). Αθηναι – Αθαν. Μαρτινος, 1964. σελ. 351.
^ 1 Makkabees. Transl. George Themelis Zervos. In: Albert Pietersma and Benjamin G. Wright (Eds.). A NEW ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE SEPTUAGINT. Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 500.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tetrarch" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 671.
^ "ETHNARCH" in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, New York & Oxford, 1991, p. 734. ISBN 0195046528
^ Yilmaz, Hakan; Aykaç, Çagla E (2012), Perceptions of Islam in Europe: Culture, Identity and the Muslim 'Other', I.B.Tauris, p. 82, ISBN 9781848851641
^ (in Greek) ΣΥΓΧΡΟΝΗ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΝΤΑΓΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ 1940–1986 ΑΝΑΣΤΑΣΙΑΔΗΣ ΓΙΩΡΓΟΣ p. 149.
^ "Κωνσταντίνος Καραμανλής - 20 χρόνια χωρίς τον Εθνάρχη". www.news247.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 2023-09-09.
^ Epochi, rizospastis gr | Synchroni (1998-04-29). "rizospastis.gr - ΠΟΙΟΥ "ΕΘΝΟΥΣ" ΕΘΝΑΡΧΗΣ Ο ΚΑΡΑΜΑΝΛΗΣ;". ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΗΣ (in Greek). Retrieved 2023-09-09.
^ Κοντέας, Στέλιος. "Γιατί ο Κωνσταντίνος Καραμανλής είναι εθνάρχης". www.reporter.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 2023-09-09.
^ tanea.gr (8 March 2021). "Κωνσταντίνος Καραμανλής : Η γέννηση του εθνάρχη στις 8/3/1907". tanea.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 2023-09-09.

Bibliography

Flavius Josephus
Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6
STRONGS NT 1481: ἐθνάρχης. Strong's Concordance (Bible Hub). Retrieved: 18 August 2014.
(in Greek) Γεώργιος Γρατσέας. "Έθνάρχης." Θρησκευτική και Ηθική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια (ΘΗΕ). Τόμος 5 (Διοκλητιανός-Ζώτος). Αθηναι – Αθαν. Μαρτινος, 1964. σελ. 351.

v t e Ethnicity
Concepts	Clan Ethnic group Ethnographic group Ethnolinguistic group Ethnonational group Ethnoreligious group Ethnographic realism Diaspora Immigration Hyphenated ethnicity Indigenous peoples In-group and out-groups Meta-ethnicity Metroethnicity Minority group Influence Monoethnicity Nation Nationality Panethnicity Polyethnicity Population Race Supraethnicity Symbolic ethnicity Tribe
Ethnology	Anthropology Ethnic studies Ethnoarchaeology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnoecology Ethnomycology Ethnozoology Ethnocinema Ethnogeology Ethnography Autoethnography Clinical Critical Institutional Netnography Online Person-centered Salvage Transidioethnography Video Ethnohistory Ethnolinguistics Ethnology Ethnomathematics Ethnostatistics Ethnomedicine Ethnomethodology Ethnomuseology Ethnomusicology Ethnophilosophy Ethnopoetics Ethnopsychopharmacology Ethnoscience Ethnosemiotics Ethnotaxonomy
Groups by region	World Contemporary ethnic groups Countries by ethnic groups Africa Americas Indigenous Canada Greenland Mexico United States Caribbean Central America South America Asia Central Asia East Asia Northern Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Australia Aboriginal groups Torres Strait Islanders Europe Oceania Indigenous European
Identity and ethnogenesis	Cross-race effect Cultural assimilation Cultural identity Demonym Development Endonym Ethnarch Ethnic flag Ethnic option Ethnic origin Ethnic religion Ethnicity in censuses Ethnofiction Ethnonym Folk religion Historical Imagined community Kinship Legendary progenitor Linguistic homeland Mores Mythomoteur Nation-building Nation state National language National myth Origin myth Pantribal sodality Statistext Tribal name Tribalism Detribalization Neotribalism White ethnic
Multiethnic society	Consociationalism Cultural appropriation Diaspora politics Dominant minority Ethnic democracy Ethnic enclave Ethnic interest group Ethnic majority Ethnic media Ethnic nationalism Ethnic pornography Ethnic theme park Ethnoburb Ethnocracy Ethnographic film Ethnographic village Ethnopluralism Indigenous rights Middleman minority Minority rights Model minority Model minority myth Multinational state
Ideology and ethnic conflict	Allophilia Ethnic bioweapon Ethnic cleansing Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnic party Ethnic penalty Ethnic slurs Ethnic stereotype Ethnic violence Ethnic riots Ethnocentrism Ethnocide Ethnofuturism Ethnosymbolism Indigenism Indigenization Nativism Separatist movements Xenocentrism Xenophilia Xenophobia
Related	Minzu (anthropology)